MODULE #1 NOTES for History 113 – Social & Cultural History
WHO “DISCOVERED” AMERICA?
Glaciations, ocean levels & Bering Strait - Ice Age Mega Fauna
Old Bison hunts
- Mound builders - Mississippians - Anasazi - Olmec
PACIFIC NORTHWEST
Kwakiutl Miwok Yokuts Mono / Monache
DESERT SOUTHWEST
Pueblo Hopi Navaho Apache
GREAT PLAINS
Blackfeet Lakota Cheyenne Comanche
NORTHEASTERN FORESTS
Algonquin Iroquois
SOUTHEASTERN WOODLANDS
Muskegon
CENTRAL AMERICA
Azteca Mexica Maya Olmec Teotihuacán
Moctezuma II
Atahualpa Inca
Wahunsonacock Powhatan
MEANWHILE, BACK IN EUROPE
- Marco Polo through…
- Fall of Constantinople 1453, plague.
- Moorish Spain 711-1492,
- Columbus, credit & trade
- Luther 1517 (and printing)
- Irish Pogroms
EARLY EUROPEAN INTRUSIONS
a. Motivations of the parties & cultural clash – the Islamic curtain
1. Portugal – “God, Gold, & Glory” canaries, Azores,
2. Spain -1492 Castile & Aragon
A. Columbus & Pedro Alonzo Nino
3. Dutch -1521 reformation & piracy
4. English -privateer navy
5. French -rivals
b. Unwilling Immigrants: an enslaved person’s view of the slave markets in Africa
1. Oladuah Equiano
IN CLASS QUESTION: Using specific examples, describe the 15-16th century West African culture complex. The European? The Indigenous Americans?
EARLY SLAVERY IN THE AMERICAS
Slaves in Cape Verde / Canaries - Treaty of Tordesillas 1494
Pedro Alonzo Nino (over 50% from 1500- 1800 were Africans)
Native American Slavery
a. Columbus and De Las Casas
b. Diego Velasquez de Cuellar – the first Plantations: sugar, coffee and tobacco - African Slaves
C. Cortes and La Malinche (1521)
d. Pizarro
1. Atahualpa Inca (1535)
e. Ponce De Leon (1565)
1. St. Augustine / Ft Mose
Latifundia & Encomienda – early colonial institutions
- Terrorism
- Cultural Genocide
- Color coded society - Racism
SPANISH COLONIAL SOCIAL HIERARCHY - ETHNICITY
Peninsulare - European (“pure” blood born in Spain)
Criolios - European (“pure” blood born in colony)
Mestizo - Indigenous and European
Mullato - African and European
Negro (Black) - African
Los Indios - Indigenous
(however, racially, the Spanish considered Blacks to be less desirable than Indians)
SPANISH COLONIAL REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Tobacco - rice - hemp - indigo - cane/rum - corn - cotton
(Missions map)
1492 - Cuba & Hispaniola 1519 - Mexico
1607 - Sante Fe 1609 - Taos
1719 - Tucson 1716 - Nacogdoches
1769 - San Diego de Alcala 1770 - Monterrey
1772 - San Luis Obispo 1776 - San Juan Cap. & San Fran.
1781 - Los Angeles
IN CALIFORNIA, THESE KEY COLONIAL INSTITUTIONS EVOLVE
MISSIONS - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_California
RANCHO - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranchos_of_California
HACIENDA - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hacienda
PUEBLO - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo_de_Los_Angeles
PRESIDIO - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidio
WHILE ON THE OTHER COAST…
1607 – Jamestown founded as the first surviving English colony – on Powhatan Algonquin land
By then, 50-90% of Indigenous Americans succumb to European disease
Color based slavery is well established in Portuguese and Spanish colonies
The Middle Passage
MODULE #2 NOTES for History 113 – Social & Cultural History
DOMINANT INCOMING CULTURES INCLUDE:
Latin Anglo-saxon Celtic
Roman Catholic Protestant Pagan /Catholic /Protestant
Spanish /Portuguese /French English/Dutch English /Scottish /Irish
South & North Georgio-Carolina
Puritans Virginians
Missions Covenant
Trade Forts Church/Town Hall Plantations / African(s)
Meeting / assembly Crown Charters
Patrimony
EXAMINE CONDITIONS IN:
Spanish Santa Fe 1607 1609 Taos
Eng. Jamestown 1607 1614 Pocahantas
French Quebec 1608 (Champlain)
Dutch Albany 1614 Manhattan 1624
Africans Virginia 1619 Cultural fusion
Puritans Plymouth 1620 Boston 1630
- John Smith, John Rolfe, Pocahontas
- Anthony the Negro - Indentured Servitude + institutionalized slavery
- 1619 Jamestown and Plantation agribusiness
1619 First recorded enslaved Africans in Jamestown
- Indentured Servitude + institutionalized slavery
1620 – Plymouth Massachusetts Bay colony – the “City On The Hill”
Town Hall & The Church – Devout Men rule
Myles Standish
Squanto
INSTITUTIONS – EXTRACTIVES (Industry?)
1622 - 1646 Powhatan War in Virginia
1643 – Anne Hutchinson
1675-76 King Phillips War (Metacomet)
1676 - Bacons Rebellion - Piedmont vs. Tidewater Jamestown, Va.
1 - Legitimacy of Popular revolt - early sectionalism
2 - shows a shift to slaves and away from indentured servitude.
3 - Indian War - divide & conquer
4 - Mother laws
5 - anti-miscegenation laws - color coded class - Racism in North America
1688-9 - Glorious Revolution & right to revolt (King James of England is overthrown)
1690 - Locke -Social hierarchy, elites & middle passage
Economic developments = English superiority + political overlap
1690-93 Salem Witch Trials - Why the Hysteria?
1715 Triangle Trade intensifies
1739 – STONO Rebellion in South Carolina
1753 Phyllis Wheatley poet.
The Ohio Valley
Ben Franklin 1750's proposed a confederacy of assemblies
1754-63 French + Indian War / 7 Years' War
- Washington, Jumonville & Tanacharison at Necessity
- Coulon's surrender document (assassination?)
1754 (Seven Yrs. War) + Iroquois
- English crackdown on colonies with "Acts" + colonial resistance movement grows
LAST OF THE MOHICANS
BORDERLANDS 1763
1763 Proclamation limits westward expansion
Economic competition
-New Jersey Ironworks
Guilds, Fraternities & protest
Sugar Act 1764 ........
Currency Act 1764...... To pay " War Debt" in times of economic depression
Mutiny Act 1765........
Stamp Act 1765.........repealed in '66 - equal oppression, no representation
Townsend duties - tea, lead, paper, - all but tea repealed - 1770
Navigation (Anti smuggling) Acts
1770 Boston Massacre - compares w/ N. Ireland & Israel occupations.
1.Crispus Attucks
Colonial search for "American" philosophy
1.Locke - "On Civil Government." 1690
2.Biblical Old Testament tyrannical " Kings" taxation
1774 Intolerable Acts - isolating Massachusetts (Boston martial law) colonial boycotts follow + Papers, pamphlets, & "Sons of Liberty" & “PATRIOTS”
Sept. 1774 First Continental Congress begins to articulate widespread independent sentiments.
April 18, 1775 Boston - British march on Lexington / Concord
June 1775 Bunker Hill (Breeds Hill) inflict heavy damage on British and only slightly less. Gen. Washington given command
1. Peter Salem (kills Maj. Pitcairn)
2. Salem Poor
July 4, '76 Declaration of Independence
http://www.ushistory.org/declaration/document/rough.htm
T. Jefferson had anti-slavery clause. Adams and Franklin concur
1777 (rat' 81) Articles of Confederation -
Executive Committee + President of Congress
No Taxation powers
No currency powers
No banking regulatory powers
No interstate trade / infrastructure powers
Jefferson wrote: "Gen. Ed. is to enable every man to judge for himself what will secure or endanger his freedom.”
Loyalists 20-30% whites & some blacks & Indians ( 76 + 82, 85 Zinn.)
Most continue to fight - MAROONS
1780 Jean Baptiste Point du Sable in "Eschikagou" The French and Indian connection
1787 A New Constitution:
Abolish slavery + religious persecution?
Northwest Ordinance limits expansion of slavery
Constitutional Convention 1787 - signs constitution.
1.Elite composition & reasoning
2.Bill of Rights - chaos, instability and high hopes result in sectional/special interest compromise between political/economical elites argument over-centralization breeding tyranny or popular (mob) will - viewed as destabilizing
3 Great Compromise – 3/5ths - Slavery as America's first "protected" institution
4. Martha Ballard - Gender in the New Nation
1790 Washington president - Biggest slave holder in the Nation...
FEDERALISTS W ANTI FEDERALISTS
A (Democratic-Republicans)
S
Hamilton H Jefferson
Madison I (Madison)
Jay N Burr Conspiracy dual
G
T
O
N
1791 Begin shift from seeking peace to seeking removal of Native Americans so more Plantations can result…
- Whiskey Rebellion - shows new central government’s strength
HAITI – begins a revolution against France
INDUSTRY AND INVENTION
-1793 cotton gin
- 1807 steam boats,
- 1817Erie Canal
-1830 railroads
- 1834 McCormick
- 1837 John Deere
1797 ADAMS
Federalists Democratic Republicans
strong centralization states rights
urban trade rural agriculture
Result -Regionalism + Sectionalism
PRACTICE QUESTION: PRACTICE QUESTION: PRACTICE QUESTION: PRACTICE QUESTION: PRACTICE QUESTION: PRACTICE QUESTION:
PRACTICE QUESTION:
Compare the social institutions of the colonial Spanish and the colonial English. In your supported opinion, what specific events most affected the rise of class divisions, gender imbalance, and color consciousness among Americans?
MIDTERM ESSAY PRACTICE – This is for your THESIS practice
DEVELOPING AN ANALYTICAL THESIS FOR THE ALL IMPORTANT
1ST PARAGRAPH
Today, you are given a topic (above). It is an older topic from an earlier midterm. When you get the list of topics for the actual midterm, select ONLY ONE TOPIC. You must provide a tight analysis and a clear argument in the opening paragraph. Together these represent your thesis. Stay on track to give yourself time to complete a polished essay. Remember to copy the question.
Using the chart below as an informal guide, and using the sample question as topic, complete the sentences below:
Thesis Elements Your Sample Sentence
Topical sentence – In general, who,
what, when, where is the paper about?
Define thesis - Thesis sentence –
Specifically what will be analyzed, and
why is it important?
Working environment – Narrow down
the focus to the most essential aspects
of the topic that relate directly to the thesis.
Argument – methodology – What
analytic tools are being used? Comparison?
Contrast? Evaluation? Examination? What
set of criteria form the basis of judgment?
(theoretical orientation).
Depth - beginning and ending – Impose
limits that allow for a specific goal to be
reached. These limits may be of time,
place, or level of complexity.
Linking sentence – What is of first priority?
How will this paragraph state what the
first priority is, and smoothly connect to the n
ext paragraph?
MODULE #3 NOTES for History 113 – Social & Cultural History
NATIONALISM and the EXPANSION OF SLAVERY
– JEFFERSON & JACKSON
1790 - "Widower" Thomas Jefferson as Envoy to Paris & Secretary of State
- Sally Hemings and Jefferson's Blood
1795 Andrew Jackson - land speculator slaver 1795
1803 Louisiana Purchase ($15 million - Jefferson) doubles size
HAITI
1804 – 6 Lewis & Clark & Sacajawea & York
1808 International slave trade outlawed - Domestic trade thrives - prices increase
1812 War of 1812 / Tecumseh’s War (Tecumseh Harrison + Tippecanoe)
1. War over British impressments - Britain anti-slave trade
2. Slave states later add to Jackson’s future coalition- Louisiana, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Tennessee, Florida
3. War of 1812 and British competition
1813 "Red sticks" Creek Indian war - Georgia, Alabama, Miss.
"here we may rest"
1814 Horseshoe bend kills 800 using Creek allies then takes all land
1815 Veteran Peter Caulder settles Fort Smith Arkansas (until 1859 exclusion act)
1818 Seminole War = Runaway slaves = Florida Purchase 1819
Jackson becomes governor Florida Territory – Plantation slavery rises and Ft.
Mose is abandoned – Africans begin Black Seminole tribe
1821 Mexico gains Independence from Spain
New Constitution - rise of frontier agrarian democracy (in U.S. & Mex.)
& charter "Impresario" slave plantations & ranchos
1824 Quincy wins House run-off Pres. -Jackson wins popular vote – the Southern Democrat is born
1828 Jacksons Regional & Sectional coalition victory
"Spoils system" of post rewards – Roger Taney
tariff, economically isolates south
-Jackson president initiates "Indian removal"
70,000 + Native Americans and African Americans forcibly relocated
1829 Gold discovered on Creek land
-Indian removal Act & Trail of Tears
1831 Chickasaws begin Trail of Tears
Nat Turner - 60 whites killed - crackdown results
1836 Alamo – The Texas Slave Republic
1838 John Ross, Sequoia -Cherokee Trail of Tears / Stand Watie
UTOPIANS
Abolition Mormons Jacksonians Manifest Destiny
Garrison Joseph Smith Crockett Texas / California
Douglass Brigham Young Houston / Impresarios Sutter / Gold rush
Truth / Feminists Utah War Alamo
Texas Republic California Republic
UTOPIANS: Abolitionist Movement & Free Blacks? - "The American Dream"
1753 Phyllis Wheatley - poet.
1790 + MAROOONS
1791 Ben Banneker - Almanac, astronomy.
A. American Colonization Society -pro
B. Free African Society -con
C. American Anti-slavery Society
D. African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME)
E. REBELLION!
1794 Absalom Jones (Deacon) and Richard Allen (AME)
1800 Free African Soc. (Jones & Allen)
Society of Friends (Quakers) - Levi Coffin (& John Fairfield), Benjamin Lundy (“Genius of Universal Emancipation”).
1820 Missouri Compromise - one slave for one free state - no slave states below 36/30
1820 Liberia “formed” by American Colonization Society to resettle Blacks to Africa.
1836 Texican community Alamo
1839 Garrison seized control of Am. anti - slavery soc.
W. L. Garrison active white abolition (Liberator, 1831)
Cinque / J. Q. Adams - Amistad Mutiny
1840's James Beckwourth - 1850 Beckwourth pass Reno
1844 UTOPIANS: Expansionists & the MEXICAN - AMERICAN WAR - 1844 - 1848
-Taylor moves troops into Texas (Polk pres.)
- SF. Barbary Coast
1844 Kearny, Ca.
-Lincoln, Douglass etc. against war.
-Slave state
1845 Frederick Douglass heads many authors (North Star)
1848 Seneca Falls: Lucretia Mott + Cady Stanton - Women's rights / temperance
Sojourner Truth & anti slavery link
Gold in California
Peace treaty with Mexico - new land imbalances Missouri Compromise
MODULE #4 NOTES for History 113 – Social & Cultural History
Quakers - Levi Coffin (& John Fairfield), Benjamin Lundy (“Genius of Universal Emancipation”).
1848 Texas a slave state
1849 Harriet Tubman -underground railroad
1850 California Gold & Free Republic
- Beckwourth pass Reno
-California becomes a state + Compromise of 1850
-Fugitive slave law - part of 1850 compromise
Beginning of Kansas-Nebraska
1852 Uncle Tom's Cabin -Stowe
1853 Solomon Northup made a slave 12 yrs.
1854 Kansas / Nebraska Act dissolves Miss. comp. 36-30
and ends old Whig/Democrat party for new Republican vs. Democratic parties
1855 Bleeding Kansas - J. B. Hickok meets W. F.
Cody, John Brown
1857 Dred Scott -TANEY property laws, states rights, fed. Precedent
1858 Le Compton Constitution
pro slave Kansas (Congress rejects)
Buchanan weak pro-gradualism
Lincoln/ Douglas Debate (Douglas and rail speculation)
1859 John Brown
Harpers Ferry
Abolitionist support ( Douglass-Thoreau- Emerson )
REPUBLICANS AMER. PARTY DEMOCRATS
KNOW NOTHINGS
free soil, labor, men anti - immigration. slavery + immigration
no longer national****
1860 -Lincoln elected minority President
Dec. 20, 1860 S. Carolina secedes
After Fort Sumter and 1st Bull Run, the sides shaped up like this:
The South begins defensive local The North begins offensive
Volunteer Conscription
State Units National Units
foreign aid self-supporting
leadership.....
A CIVIL WAR
SOME OF THE CIVIL WARS MAJOR BATTLES: (student video)
CRASH COURSE - Civil War Battles
1861 April - Fort Sumter 12-14th Charleston, N. Carolina
Richmond vs Washington
June '61 1st Bull run - CSA Victory (Manassas)
Monitor V Merrimac (Virginia):
March '62 Peninsula Campaign McClellan to Richmond
" 7 days " Lee wins - June and July
April '62 CSA Maryland Attack
Grant at Shiloh - Memphis
Sept. '62 Antietam - Union victory ends CSA " all of out attack"
Nov. ' 62 Grant Memphis Siege / Vicksburg
1863 North reactionary - Conscription riots / lynching
BLACKS IN THE WAR
The 2 points of view on slavery as all important or peripheral
37,000 blacks die, nearly a quarter-million serve
Massachusetts 54th Colored Regiment
- FT. Wagner – Gould Shaw / William H. Carney – Medal of Honor
- Draft Riots
March '63 French invade Mex. Max. (Britain goes to Egypt / India - Cotton)
July '63 Gettysburg Meade / 23,000 Lee, Pickett / 28,000
July 4th Vicksburg - Grant / Federal Victory
Aug. '63 Lawrence Kansas Quantrill
'64 Grant takes over He and Sherman destroy south - total war (Atlanta - Sept.)
1864 Ft. Pillow / Nathan Bedford Forrest - 262 Massacred
'64 Wilderness 180,000 -Spotsylvania 8000 -Cold Harbor 12,000 -Atlanta
'65 Petersburg & Richmond
Apr. 9th Appomattox -Custer -Ely S. Parker
Stand Watie v. John Ross
1865 United States
3 interrelated phenomena are occurring:
RECONSTRUCTION *WESTWARD *URBAN
EXPANSION INDUSTRIALIZATION
Post-war conditions Native Americans.. Migrations..
Homestead Acts.. Big Business.
Transcontinental Railroads..
First: Reconstruction
GOALS: Re-admit
Re-Build
New Social Services
Republican Power
4 Plans:
#1 Lincoln - Emancipation Proclamation, 13th Amend. & + 10% adult white
males. Ironclad Oath (future).
#2 Wade-Davis - majority white males - 50%+ Ironclad Oath (never rebelled).
Apr.14 1865 - 1st Presidential assassination
#3 Johnson / presidential - x-Confederates back in with Personal Oath
#4 Radical / Congressional fight with Johnson produces Radical Republican Plan.
KEY ELEMENTS OF RECONSTRUCTION:
Congressional Radicals like Thaddeus Stevens / Charles Sumner –
13th Amendment – abolishes slavery
14th Amendment – determines citizenship: Blacks, Confederates, Natives American
15th Amendment – male suffrage
Freedman’s Bureau '65-72: Federal civil rights for Blacks
1865 -South begins to "rise again"
Economic control = Black Codes, vagrancy
Political control = literacy, poll tax & grandfather clause
Social control = Jim Crow, KKK
1865 -Northern (Republican) response
Black People = families, church’s, organizations & associations, Schools, and Exodus (40 acres and a mule?)
Carpetbaggers & scalawags
*Industrial Revolution / Northern jobs.
*Meanwhile, Out West.
...Sioux, Cheyenne – Buffalo Soldiers, John Henry -Railroads & Gold!.
1866 May election-day race riots Memphis (Ida B. Wells-Barnett), New Orleans etc.
1867 Lincoln - Johnson governments vetoed by congress
Johnson’s impeachment - House does, senate acquits
Grants election '68
1867 Radical Reconstruction = Land confiscated & redistributed
Universal male suffrage
Political reorganization
Education
Wage Job Equal.
1868 Grant elected
scandals, Credit Moblier, Whiskey Ring,
Ku Klux Klan,
Carpet bags, Scalawags,
Amnesty '72 Depression '73,
1870 Force (Enforcement) Acts = 5 Military districts + KKK Act
Crop lien system / Sharecropping
Black Codes into Jim Crow (1896 Plessy versus Ferguson)
Red Cloud at Fort Laramie
1876 -R.B. Hayes election - Custer
1877 Compromise – ends Reconstruction
Post--Reconstruction Civil Rights Advocacy
Douglass, Wells, Washington,
Du Bois, Carver, Carter Woodson
9th & 10th cav. = Buffalo soldiers
24th & 25th Infantry
1865-77 -the Black experience
Family
Church
Education
Southern Socio-economics
NATIVE AMERICANS
1848 Sutter’s Fort (mill) gold discovery & California Indians
1859 Colorado gold
1862 Homestead Acts + May 5 Mexico defeats France
1864 Sand Creek 150 Cheyenne (Colorado) massacred
1865 Sioux Wars -Appomattox, Custer & Ely S. Parker (Indian Commissioner)
1866 Long drives
1867 Indian Territory established.
1868 Grant elected -Sherman/Sheridan (Custer)
"Wild Bill" Hickok
"Buffalo Bill" Cody
Fort Laramie / Red Cloud Treaty ('68 thru '74 Custer intrusion)
1869 Railroad completed
1873 Barbed wire and silver in Nevada
Modoc Wars
Youtube Modoc Wars
1874 Black hills gold
1875 Sioux Wars resume after “Thieves’ Road” violations
1876 Little Big Horn
Terry Gibbon, Crook
Custer 225 men vs 2000+ Sioux Cheyenne Braves
Reno, Benteen attack 3 mile village
Crow King -Crazy Horse -Sitting Bull
Geronimo begins -Apache Saga (Mexico,Mangas,Cochise)
1886 Geronimo captured
1887 Dawes Act
1889 Oklahoma Land Rush - Indian Territory opened to whites
Wovoka Ghost Dance movement begins
1890 Wounded Knee
Big Foot & 200+ die at the hands of the 7th cav.
1906 Burke Act - Assimilation enhancement - CANCELLATION OF LAND OWNERSHIP RIGHTS
URBAN INDUSTRY / BUSINESS
Mercantilism (tariffs) & “Free Enterprise”
Inventions / patents -36,000 pre 1860, 440,000 + 1860-90
Urban magnet - Ghettos & bosses - assimilation
Social Darwinism - Manifest Destiny - Gospel of Wealth 1901
Stocks & combines / monopoly: Horizontal & vertical integration.
Trust holding co.
1848 - 1851 I.M. Singer & co. Carnegie immigrates
1849 McCormick Reaper - International Harvester (1902)
1859 Pennsylvania Oil (Drake)
1860 Civil War sparks the close bond between business and government
– the future “Military-Industrial Complex”
1862 Homestead Act, Stone Act, Timber Act
1865 Reconstruction, Migration Gold / Silver
1866 National Labor Union & Trans Atlantic cable
1857 '64 open hearth steel making (Kelly/US-Bessemer/UK)
1869 Knights of Labor & Rockefellers Standard Oil ('82 Trust)
Black Friday market crash / depression
1872 Tweed - Tammany Hall Political machines
1873 Carnegie steel & Panic, depression end NLU, Molly Maguires.
1876 Bell Telephone invention / company
1877 National Rail-strike
1879 Edison Light invention / company
1881 Tuskegee Institute / Booker T. Washington
1886 Anarchist Haymarket bombing (Chicago anarchism) & American Federation of Labor (AFL) Gompers, skilled workers
1887 '90 Sherman Anti-Trust Act - used against unions!
1889 Dark European immigration
Labor conditions – children, women, ethnic minorities
1892 Homestead strike – Carnegie Steel (Frick & Pinkerton’s)
1893 Depression
1894 Pullman strike -Federal troops
1895 Booker T. Washington’s Atlanta Compromise speech
1896 Plessy v Fergusson
1898 Spanish-American War
1901 Morgan’s U.S. Steel
American Socialist Party
1903 Kitty Hawk
Women’s Trade Union League
1906-14 Ford Motor Company – moving assembly line.
San Francisco Earthquake
CAPTAINS OF INDUSTRY – OR – ROBBER-BARONS?
Borden Armour Vanderbilt Gould Getty Huntington
Stanford Carnegie Schwab Rockefeller F.W. Taylor Sears
Roebuck Edison Bell NCR(Burroughs?) Pullman
Morgan Westinghouse Mellon Goodyear DuPont
George Washington Carver Louis Latimer Nikola Tesla
MODULE #5 NOTES for History 113 – Social & Cultural History
SOCIAL DARWINISM & MANIFEST DESTINY ABROAD:
An IMPERIALIST U.S?
OLD WORLD COLONIAL IMPERIALISM versus NEO-COLONIAL IMPERIALISM
1875 Pearl Harbor naval base
1893 Hawaii "Revolution" + (Liliuokalani)
1896 Klondike / Alaska gold rush
1898 Hawaiian annexation
- Maine explodes
- US war in Philippine Islands, Guam, Puerto Rico and Cuba (1898 -1922 Moro Wars)
1900 I Ho Chuan – Boxers & 55 days at Peking
1901 Aguinaldo captured by Funston, Moro wars continue
REACTIONS TO "AGE " OF EXPANSION
Grangers - Populists - Progressives - Socialists - Muckrakers
- Nobel Prize (Russo-Japanese war)
- Forest Reserves
- Interventionist – Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine (neo-colonialism)
- Panama Canal.... "Big Stick"
- Nicaragua
DISCUSSION TOPIC: Are We Rome?
WHO “DISCOVERED” AMERICA?
Glaciations, ocean levels & Bering Strait - Ice Age Mega Fauna
Old Bison hunts
- Mound builders - Mississippians - Anasazi - Olmec
PACIFIC NORTHWEST
Kwakiutl Miwok Yokuts Mono / Monache
DESERT SOUTHWEST
Pueblo Hopi Navaho Apache
GREAT PLAINS
Blackfeet Lakota Cheyenne Comanche
NORTHEASTERN FORESTS
Algonquin Iroquois
SOUTHEASTERN WOODLANDS
Muskegon
CENTRAL AMERICA
Azteca Mexica Maya Olmec Teotihuacán
Moctezuma II
Atahualpa Inca
Wahunsonacock Powhatan
MEANWHILE, BACK IN EUROPE
- Marco Polo through…
- Fall of Constantinople 1453, plague.
- Moorish Spain 711-1492,
- Columbus, credit & trade
- Luther 1517 (and printing)
- Irish Pogroms
EARLY EUROPEAN INTRUSIONS
a. Motivations of the parties & cultural clash – the Islamic curtain
1. Portugal – “God, Gold, & Glory” canaries, Azores,
2. Spain -1492 Castile & Aragon
A. Columbus & Pedro Alonzo Nino
3. Dutch -1521 reformation & piracy
4. English -privateer navy
5. French -rivals
b. Unwilling Immigrants: an enslaved person’s view of the slave markets in Africa
1. Oladuah Equiano
IN CLASS QUESTION: Using specific examples, describe the 15-16th century West African culture complex. The European? The Indigenous Americans?
EARLY SLAVERY IN THE AMERICAS
Slaves in Cape Verde / Canaries - Treaty of Tordesillas 1494
Pedro Alonzo Nino (over 50% from 1500- 1800 were Africans)
Native American Slavery
a. Columbus and De Las Casas
b. Diego Velasquez de Cuellar – the first Plantations: sugar, coffee and tobacco - African Slaves
C. Cortes and La Malinche (1521)
d. Pizarro
1. Atahualpa Inca (1535)
e. Ponce De Leon (1565)
1. St. Augustine / Ft Mose
Latifundia & Encomienda – early colonial institutions
- Terrorism
- Cultural Genocide
- Color coded society - Racism
SPANISH COLONIAL SOCIAL HIERARCHY - ETHNICITY
Peninsulare - European (“pure” blood born in Spain)
Criolios - European (“pure” blood born in colony)
Mestizo - Indigenous and European
Mullato - African and European
Negro (Black) - African
Los Indios - Indigenous
(however, racially, the Spanish considered Blacks to be less desirable than Indians)
SPANISH COLONIAL REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Tobacco - rice - hemp - indigo - cane/rum - corn - cotton
(Missions map)
1492 - Cuba & Hispaniola 1519 - Mexico
1607 - Sante Fe 1609 - Taos
1719 - Tucson 1716 - Nacogdoches
1769 - San Diego de Alcala 1770 - Monterrey
1772 - San Luis Obispo 1776 - San Juan Cap. & San Fran.
1781 - Los Angeles
IN CALIFORNIA, THESE KEY COLONIAL INSTITUTIONS EVOLVE
MISSIONS - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_California
RANCHO - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranchos_of_California
HACIENDA - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hacienda
PUEBLO - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo_de_Los_Angeles
PRESIDIO - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidio
WHILE ON THE OTHER COAST…
1607 – Jamestown founded as the first surviving English colony – on Powhatan Algonquin land
By then, 50-90% of Indigenous Americans succumb to European disease
Color based slavery is well established in Portuguese and Spanish colonies
The Middle Passage
MODULE #2 NOTES for History 113 – Social & Cultural History
DOMINANT INCOMING CULTURES INCLUDE:
Latin Anglo-saxon Celtic
Roman Catholic Protestant Pagan /Catholic /Protestant
Spanish /Portuguese /French English/Dutch English /Scottish /Irish
South & North Georgio-Carolina
Puritans Virginians
Missions Covenant
Trade Forts Church/Town Hall Plantations / African(s)
Meeting / assembly Crown Charters
Patrimony
EXAMINE CONDITIONS IN:
Spanish Santa Fe 1607 1609 Taos
Eng. Jamestown 1607 1614 Pocahantas
French Quebec 1608 (Champlain)
Dutch Albany 1614 Manhattan 1624
Africans Virginia 1619 Cultural fusion
Puritans Plymouth 1620 Boston 1630
- John Smith, John Rolfe, Pocahontas
- Anthony the Negro - Indentured Servitude + institutionalized slavery
- 1619 Jamestown and Plantation agribusiness
1619 First recorded enslaved Africans in Jamestown
- Indentured Servitude + institutionalized slavery
1620 – Plymouth Massachusetts Bay colony – the “City On The Hill”
Town Hall & The Church – Devout Men rule
Myles Standish
Squanto
INSTITUTIONS – EXTRACTIVES (Industry?)
1622 - 1646 Powhatan War in Virginia
1643 – Anne Hutchinson
1675-76 King Phillips War (Metacomet)
1676 - Bacons Rebellion - Piedmont vs. Tidewater Jamestown, Va.
1 - Legitimacy of Popular revolt - early sectionalism
2 - shows a shift to slaves and away from indentured servitude.
3 - Indian War - divide & conquer
4 - Mother laws
5 - anti-miscegenation laws - color coded class - Racism in North America
1688-9 - Glorious Revolution & right to revolt (King James of England is overthrown)
1690 - Locke -Social hierarchy, elites & middle passage
Economic developments = English superiority + political overlap
1690-93 Salem Witch Trials - Why the Hysteria?
1715 Triangle Trade intensifies
1739 – STONO Rebellion in South Carolina
1753 Phyllis Wheatley poet.
The Ohio Valley
Ben Franklin 1750's proposed a confederacy of assemblies
1754-63 French + Indian War / 7 Years' War
- Washington, Jumonville & Tanacharison at Necessity
- Coulon's surrender document (assassination?)
1754 (Seven Yrs. War) + Iroquois
- English crackdown on colonies with "Acts" + colonial resistance movement grows
LAST OF THE MOHICANS
BORDERLANDS 1763
1763 Proclamation limits westward expansion
Economic competition
-New Jersey Ironworks
Guilds, Fraternities & protest
Sugar Act 1764 ........
Currency Act 1764...... To pay " War Debt" in times of economic depression
Mutiny Act 1765........
Stamp Act 1765.........repealed in '66 - equal oppression, no representation
Townsend duties - tea, lead, paper, - all but tea repealed - 1770
Navigation (Anti smuggling) Acts
1770 Boston Massacre - compares w/ N. Ireland & Israel occupations.
1.Crispus Attucks
Colonial search for "American" philosophy
1.Locke - "On Civil Government." 1690
2.Biblical Old Testament tyrannical " Kings" taxation
1774 Intolerable Acts - isolating Massachusetts (Boston martial law) colonial boycotts follow + Papers, pamphlets, & "Sons of Liberty" & “PATRIOTS”
Sept. 1774 First Continental Congress begins to articulate widespread independent sentiments.
April 18, 1775 Boston - British march on Lexington / Concord
June 1775 Bunker Hill (Breeds Hill) inflict heavy damage on British and only slightly less. Gen. Washington given command
1. Peter Salem (kills Maj. Pitcairn)
2. Salem Poor
July 4, '76 Declaration of Independence
http://www.ushistory.org/declaration/document/rough.htm
T. Jefferson had anti-slavery clause. Adams and Franklin concur
1777 (rat' 81) Articles of Confederation -
Executive Committee + President of Congress
No Taxation powers
No currency powers
No banking regulatory powers
No interstate trade / infrastructure powers
Jefferson wrote: "Gen. Ed. is to enable every man to judge for himself what will secure or endanger his freedom.”
Loyalists 20-30% whites & some blacks & Indians ( 76 + 82, 85 Zinn.)
Most continue to fight - MAROONS
1780 Jean Baptiste Point du Sable in "Eschikagou" The French and Indian connection
1787 A New Constitution:
Abolish slavery + religious persecution?
Northwest Ordinance limits expansion of slavery
Constitutional Convention 1787 - signs constitution.
1.Elite composition & reasoning
2.Bill of Rights - chaos, instability and high hopes result in sectional/special interest compromise between political/economical elites argument over-centralization breeding tyranny or popular (mob) will - viewed as destabilizing
3 Great Compromise – 3/5ths - Slavery as America's first "protected" institution
4. Martha Ballard - Gender in the New Nation
1790 Washington president - Biggest slave holder in the Nation...
FEDERALISTS W ANTI FEDERALISTS
A (Democratic-Republicans)
S
Hamilton H Jefferson
Madison I (Madison)
Jay N Burr Conspiracy dual
G
T
O
N
1791 Begin shift from seeking peace to seeking removal of Native Americans so more Plantations can result…
- Whiskey Rebellion - shows new central government’s strength
HAITI – begins a revolution against France
INDUSTRY AND INVENTION
-1793 cotton gin
- 1807 steam boats,
- 1817Erie Canal
-1830 railroads
- 1834 McCormick
- 1837 John Deere
1797 ADAMS
Federalists Democratic Republicans
strong centralization states rights
urban trade rural agriculture
Result -Regionalism + Sectionalism
PRACTICE QUESTION: PRACTICE QUESTION: PRACTICE QUESTION: PRACTICE QUESTION: PRACTICE QUESTION: PRACTICE QUESTION:
PRACTICE QUESTION:
Compare the social institutions of the colonial Spanish and the colonial English. In your supported opinion, what specific events most affected the rise of class divisions, gender imbalance, and color consciousness among Americans?
MIDTERM ESSAY PRACTICE – This is for your THESIS practice
DEVELOPING AN ANALYTICAL THESIS FOR THE ALL IMPORTANT
1ST PARAGRAPH
Today, you are given a topic (above). It is an older topic from an earlier midterm. When you get the list of topics for the actual midterm, select ONLY ONE TOPIC. You must provide a tight analysis and a clear argument in the opening paragraph. Together these represent your thesis. Stay on track to give yourself time to complete a polished essay. Remember to copy the question.
Using the chart below as an informal guide, and using the sample question as topic, complete the sentences below:
Thesis Elements Your Sample Sentence
Topical sentence – In general, who,
what, when, where is the paper about?
Define thesis - Thesis sentence –
Specifically what will be analyzed, and
why is it important?
Working environment – Narrow down
the focus to the most essential aspects
of the topic that relate directly to the thesis.
Argument – methodology – What
analytic tools are being used? Comparison?
Contrast? Evaluation? Examination? What
set of criteria form the basis of judgment?
(theoretical orientation).
Depth - beginning and ending – Impose
limits that allow for a specific goal to be
reached. These limits may be of time,
place, or level of complexity.
Linking sentence – What is of first priority?
How will this paragraph state what the
first priority is, and smoothly connect to the n
ext paragraph?
MODULE #3 NOTES for History 113 – Social & Cultural History
NATIONALISM and the EXPANSION OF SLAVERY
– JEFFERSON & JACKSON
1790 - "Widower" Thomas Jefferson as Envoy to Paris & Secretary of State
- Sally Hemings and Jefferson's Blood
1795 Andrew Jackson - land speculator slaver 1795
1803 Louisiana Purchase ($15 million - Jefferson) doubles size
HAITI
1804 – 6 Lewis & Clark & Sacajawea & York
1808 International slave trade outlawed - Domestic trade thrives - prices increase
1812 War of 1812 / Tecumseh’s War (Tecumseh Harrison + Tippecanoe)
1. War over British impressments - Britain anti-slave trade
2. Slave states later add to Jackson’s future coalition- Louisiana, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Tennessee, Florida
3. War of 1812 and British competition
1813 "Red sticks" Creek Indian war - Georgia, Alabama, Miss.
"here we may rest"
1814 Horseshoe bend kills 800 using Creek allies then takes all land
1815 Veteran Peter Caulder settles Fort Smith Arkansas (until 1859 exclusion act)
1818 Seminole War = Runaway slaves = Florida Purchase 1819
Jackson becomes governor Florida Territory – Plantation slavery rises and Ft.
Mose is abandoned – Africans begin Black Seminole tribe
1821 Mexico gains Independence from Spain
New Constitution - rise of frontier agrarian democracy (in U.S. & Mex.)
& charter "Impresario" slave plantations & ranchos
1824 Quincy wins House run-off Pres. -Jackson wins popular vote – the Southern Democrat is born
1828 Jacksons Regional & Sectional coalition victory
"Spoils system" of post rewards – Roger Taney
tariff, economically isolates south
-Jackson president initiates "Indian removal"
70,000 + Native Americans and African Americans forcibly relocated
1829 Gold discovered on Creek land
-Indian removal Act & Trail of Tears
1831 Chickasaws begin Trail of Tears
Nat Turner - 60 whites killed - crackdown results
1836 Alamo – The Texas Slave Republic
1838 John Ross, Sequoia -Cherokee Trail of Tears / Stand Watie
UTOPIANS
Abolition Mormons Jacksonians Manifest Destiny
Garrison Joseph Smith Crockett Texas / California
Douglass Brigham Young Houston / Impresarios Sutter / Gold rush
Truth / Feminists Utah War Alamo
Texas Republic California Republic
UTOPIANS: Abolitionist Movement & Free Blacks? - "The American Dream"
1753 Phyllis Wheatley - poet.
1790 + MAROOONS
1791 Ben Banneker - Almanac, astronomy.
A. American Colonization Society -pro
B. Free African Society -con
C. American Anti-slavery Society
D. African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME)
E. REBELLION!
1794 Absalom Jones (Deacon) and Richard Allen (AME)
1800 Free African Soc. (Jones & Allen)
Society of Friends (Quakers) - Levi Coffin (& John Fairfield), Benjamin Lundy (“Genius of Universal Emancipation”).
1820 Missouri Compromise - one slave for one free state - no slave states below 36/30
1820 Liberia “formed” by American Colonization Society to resettle Blacks to Africa.
1836 Texican community Alamo
1839 Garrison seized control of Am. anti - slavery soc.
W. L. Garrison active white abolition (Liberator, 1831)
Cinque / J. Q. Adams - Amistad Mutiny
1840's James Beckwourth - 1850 Beckwourth pass Reno
1844 UTOPIANS: Expansionists & the MEXICAN - AMERICAN WAR - 1844 - 1848
-Taylor moves troops into Texas (Polk pres.)
- SF. Barbary Coast
1844 Kearny, Ca.
-Lincoln, Douglass etc. against war.
-Slave state
1845 Frederick Douglass heads many authors (North Star)
1848 Seneca Falls: Lucretia Mott + Cady Stanton - Women's rights / temperance
Sojourner Truth & anti slavery link
Gold in California
Peace treaty with Mexico - new land imbalances Missouri Compromise
MODULE #4 NOTES for History 113 – Social & Cultural History
Quakers - Levi Coffin (& John Fairfield), Benjamin Lundy (“Genius of Universal Emancipation”).
1848 Texas a slave state
1849 Harriet Tubman -underground railroad
1850 California Gold & Free Republic
- Beckwourth pass Reno
-California becomes a state + Compromise of 1850
-Fugitive slave law - part of 1850 compromise
Beginning of Kansas-Nebraska
1852 Uncle Tom's Cabin -Stowe
1853 Solomon Northup made a slave 12 yrs.
1854 Kansas / Nebraska Act dissolves Miss. comp. 36-30
and ends old Whig/Democrat party for new Republican vs. Democratic parties
1855 Bleeding Kansas - J. B. Hickok meets W. F.
Cody, John Brown
1857 Dred Scott -TANEY property laws, states rights, fed. Precedent
1858 Le Compton Constitution
pro slave Kansas (Congress rejects)
Buchanan weak pro-gradualism
Lincoln/ Douglas Debate (Douglas and rail speculation)
1859 John Brown
Harpers Ferry
Abolitionist support ( Douglass-Thoreau- Emerson )
REPUBLICANS AMER. PARTY DEMOCRATS
KNOW NOTHINGS
free soil, labor, men anti - immigration. slavery + immigration
no longer national****
1860 -Lincoln elected minority President
Dec. 20, 1860 S. Carolina secedes
After Fort Sumter and 1st Bull Run, the sides shaped up like this:
The South begins defensive local The North begins offensive
Volunteer Conscription
State Units National Units
foreign aid self-supporting
leadership.....
A CIVIL WAR
SOME OF THE CIVIL WARS MAJOR BATTLES: (student video)
CRASH COURSE - Civil War Battles
1861 April - Fort Sumter 12-14th Charleston, N. Carolina
Richmond vs Washington
June '61 1st Bull run - CSA Victory (Manassas)
Monitor V Merrimac (Virginia):
March '62 Peninsula Campaign McClellan to Richmond
" 7 days " Lee wins - June and July
April '62 CSA Maryland Attack
Grant at Shiloh - Memphis
Sept. '62 Antietam - Union victory ends CSA " all of out attack"
Nov. ' 62 Grant Memphis Siege / Vicksburg
1863 North reactionary - Conscription riots / lynching
BLACKS IN THE WAR
The 2 points of view on slavery as all important or peripheral
37,000 blacks die, nearly a quarter-million serve
Massachusetts 54th Colored Regiment
- FT. Wagner – Gould Shaw / William H. Carney – Medal of Honor
- Draft Riots
March '63 French invade Mex. Max. (Britain goes to Egypt / India - Cotton)
July '63 Gettysburg Meade / 23,000 Lee, Pickett / 28,000
July 4th Vicksburg - Grant / Federal Victory
Aug. '63 Lawrence Kansas Quantrill
'64 Grant takes over He and Sherman destroy south - total war (Atlanta - Sept.)
1864 Ft. Pillow / Nathan Bedford Forrest - 262 Massacred
'64 Wilderness 180,000 -Spotsylvania 8000 -Cold Harbor 12,000 -Atlanta
'65 Petersburg & Richmond
Apr. 9th Appomattox -Custer -Ely S. Parker
Stand Watie v. John Ross
1865 United States
3 interrelated phenomena are occurring:
RECONSTRUCTION *WESTWARD *URBAN
EXPANSION INDUSTRIALIZATION
Post-war conditions Native Americans.. Migrations..
Homestead Acts.. Big Business.
Transcontinental Railroads..
First: Reconstruction
GOALS: Re-admit
Re-Build
New Social Services
Republican Power
4 Plans:
#1 Lincoln - Emancipation Proclamation, 13th Amend. & + 10% adult white
males. Ironclad Oath (future).
#2 Wade-Davis - majority white males - 50%+ Ironclad Oath (never rebelled).
Apr.14 1865 - 1st Presidential assassination
#3 Johnson / presidential - x-Confederates back in with Personal Oath
#4 Radical / Congressional fight with Johnson produces Radical Republican Plan.
KEY ELEMENTS OF RECONSTRUCTION:
Congressional Radicals like Thaddeus Stevens / Charles Sumner –
13th Amendment – abolishes slavery
14th Amendment – determines citizenship: Blacks, Confederates, Natives American
15th Amendment – male suffrage
Freedman’s Bureau '65-72: Federal civil rights for Blacks
1865 -South begins to "rise again"
Economic control = Black Codes, vagrancy
Political control = literacy, poll tax & grandfather clause
Social control = Jim Crow, KKK
1865 -Northern (Republican) response
Black People = families, church’s, organizations & associations, Schools, and Exodus (40 acres and a mule?)
Carpetbaggers & scalawags
*Industrial Revolution / Northern jobs.
*Meanwhile, Out West.
...Sioux, Cheyenne – Buffalo Soldiers, John Henry -Railroads & Gold!.
1866 May election-day race riots Memphis (Ida B. Wells-Barnett), New Orleans etc.
1867 Lincoln - Johnson governments vetoed by congress
Johnson’s impeachment - House does, senate acquits
Grants election '68
1867 Radical Reconstruction = Land confiscated & redistributed
Universal male suffrage
Political reorganization
Education
Wage Job Equal.
1868 Grant elected
scandals, Credit Moblier, Whiskey Ring,
Ku Klux Klan,
Carpet bags, Scalawags,
Amnesty '72 Depression '73,
1870 Force (Enforcement) Acts = 5 Military districts + KKK Act
Crop lien system / Sharecropping
Black Codes into Jim Crow (1896 Plessy versus Ferguson)
Red Cloud at Fort Laramie
1876 -R.B. Hayes election - Custer
1877 Compromise – ends Reconstruction
Post--Reconstruction Civil Rights Advocacy
Douglass, Wells, Washington,
Du Bois, Carver, Carter Woodson
9th & 10th cav. = Buffalo soldiers
24th & 25th Infantry
1865-77 -the Black experience
Family
Church
Education
Southern Socio-economics
NATIVE AMERICANS
1848 Sutter’s Fort (mill) gold discovery & California Indians
1859 Colorado gold
1862 Homestead Acts + May 5 Mexico defeats France
1864 Sand Creek 150 Cheyenne (Colorado) massacred
1865 Sioux Wars -Appomattox, Custer & Ely S. Parker (Indian Commissioner)
1866 Long drives
1867 Indian Territory established.
1868 Grant elected -Sherman/Sheridan (Custer)
"Wild Bill" Hickok
"Buffalo Bill" Cody
Fort Laramie / Red Cloud Treaty ('68 thru '74 Custer intrusion)
1869 Railroad completed
1873 Barbed wire and silver in Nevada
Modoc Wars
Youtube Modoc Wars
1874 Black hills gold
1875 Sioux Wars resume after “Thieves’ Road” violations
1876 Little Big Horn
Terry Gibbon, Crook
Custer 225 men vs 2000+ Sioux Cheyenne Braves
Reno, Benteen attack 3 mile village
Crow King -Crazy Horse -Sitting Bull
Geronimo begins -Apache Saga (Mexico,Mangas,Cochise)
1886 Geronimo captured
1887 Dawes Act
1889 Oklahoma Land Rush - Indian Territory opened to whites
Wovoka Ghost Dance movement begins
1890 Wounded Knee
Big Foot & 200+ die at the hands of the 7th cav.
1906 Burke Act - Assimilation enhancement - CANCELLATION OF LAND OWNERSHIP RIGHTS
URBAN INDUSTRY / BUSINESS
Mercantilism (tariffs) & “Free Enterprise”
Inventions / patents -36,000 pre 1860, 440,000 + 1860-90
Urban magnet - Ghettos & bosses - assimilation
Social Darwinism - Manifest Destiny - Gospel of Wealth 1901
Stocks & combines / monopoly: Horizontal & vertical integration.
Trust holding co.
1848 - 1851 I.M. Singer & co. Carnegie immigrates
1849 McCormick Reaper - International Harvester (1902)
1859 Pennsylvania Oil (Drake)
1860 Civil War sparks the close bond between business and government
– the future “Military-Industrial Complex”
1862 Homestead Act, Stone Act, Timber Act
1865 Reconstruction, Migration Gold / Silver
1866 National Labor Union & Trans Atlantic cable
1857 '64 open hearth steel making (Kelly/US-Bessemer/UK)
1869 Knights of Labor & Rockefellers Standard Oil ('82 Trust)
Black Friday market crash / depression
1872 Tweed - Tammany Hall Political machines
1873 Carnegie steel & Panic, depression end NLU, Molly Maguires.
1876 Bell Telephone invention / company
1877 National Rail-strike
1879 Edison Light invention / company
1881 Tuskegee Institute / Booker T. Washington
1886 Anarchist Haymarket bombing (Chicago anarchism) & American Federation of Labor (AFL) Gompers, skilled workers
1887 '90 Sherman Anti-Trust Act - used against unions!
1889 Dark European immigration
Labor conditions – children, women, ethnic minorities
1892 Homestead strike – Carnegie Steel (Frick & Pinkerton’s)
1893 Depression
1894 Pullman strike -Federal troops
1895 Booker T. Washington’s Atlanta Compromise speech
1896 Plessy v Fergusson
1898 Spanish-American War
1901 Morgan’s U.S. Steel
American Socialist Party
1903 Kitty Hawk
Women’s Trade Union League
1906-14 Ford Motor Company – moving assembly line.
San Francisco Earthquake
CAPTAINS OF INDUSTRY – OR – ROBBER-BARONS?
Borden Armour Vanderbilt Gould Getty Huntington
Stanford Carnegie Schwab Rockefeller F.W. Taylor Sears
Roebuck Edison Bell NCR(Burroughs?) Pullman
Morgan Westinghouse Mellon Goodyear DuPont
George Washington Carver Louis Latimer Nikola Tesla
MODULE #5 NOTES for History 113 – Social & Cultural History
SOCIAL DARWINISM & MANIFEST DESTINY ABROAD:
An IMPERIALIST U.S?
OLD WORLD COLONIAL IMPERIALISM versus NEO-COLONIAL IMPERIALISM
1875 Pearl Harbor naval base
1893 Hawaii "Revolution" + (Liliuokalani)
1896 Klondike / Alaska gold rush
1898 Hawaiian annexation
- Maine explodes
- US war in Philippine Islands, Guam, Puerto Rico and Cuba (1898 -1922 Moro Wars)
1900 I Ho Chuan – Boxers & 55 days at Peking
1901 Aguinaldo captured by Funston, Moro wars continue
REACTIONS TO "AGE " OF EXPANSION
Grangers - Populists - Progressives - Socialists - Muckrakers
- 1873 Women’s Christian Temperance Union Anthony – Stanton - Stone
- 1887 ICC regulates interstate commerce
- 1889 Jane Addams Hull (settlement) House
- 1892 John Muir - Sierra Club
- 1893 Depression
- 1898 US Anti-Imperialist league, Knight/ALF, American Socialist Party all anti war (Eugene V. Debs - IWW)
- 1900 Texas "Commission" style government
- Nobel Prize (Russo-Japanese war)
- Forest Reserves
- Interventionist – Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine (neo-colonialism)
- Panama Canal.... "Big Stick"
- Nicaragua
DISCUSSION TOPIC: Are We Rome?