GENERAL NOTES – NOT CLASS / COURSE SPECIFIC
WORLD INTERACTIVE MAPS
A History of the World...in 2 hours... https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xogFuUSIOLU
The Big History http://www.free-tv-video-online.me/internet/big_history/season_1.html
“AFRICAN GEOGRAPHIC”
AFRICA - Biologic cradle & Cultural cradle of humanity (& Beer)
1. spread of Homo sapiens -radiation v independent dev.
2. Twa, Kung, Nilotic, Cushite / Nubia, Bantu, Bantu/Swahili, Ngoni/Zulu
3. from family to tribe to nation...black character, culture & traditional religion.
A. the equal role of women
B. "a village to raise a child"
Black manhood - mind, wisdom, courage "a stone in the belly"
Ancient Sahara - Map
Kemet, Meroe, Nubia
RIVERS - Nile - Congo - Niger
1. Egypt (Khemet)
A. savanna, jungle, desert transition ecosystems
2. Kush (Sudan)
A. Ahmose, Piankhi & Taharqa (727 BC – 25TH Dynasty) Black Pharaohs
3. African Egyptian trade - rice, grain, salt & pepper, gold, palm oil, dates, cotton, hides, ivory, slaves - from Alexander &Hannibal & Caesar
4. Biblical Africa
A. Eden?
B. Ankenaten & monotheism
C. Egypt & Moses
Western African Civilization
a. Islam 610 - Spain 711, Ghana 800, Bornu 1036, Almoravids of 1076, Constantinople 1421, Songhay 1490s.
5. Ghana (Kumbi Saleh-ca 1AD) trans-sahara trade
6. Mali (1235) matrilineal
A. Sundiata Keita (1240) consolidated Mali & absorbed Ghana
B. Abubakhari (1300)
C. Mansa & Timbuktu (1312)
1. Hajj (1324)
7. Songhay
A. Sonni Ali (1464-92) riverine naval power
B. Askia Muhammad the Great (1493) <Columbus>
C. Sankore, Timbuktu & multi-ethnic U. of Akmed Baba
8. 1591 - Morocco
Ashanti, Ibo, Wolof
9. Gabu / Mandingo (mandinka)
A. frontier autonomy, factories and Asiento
Early Colonial African Civilizations of the west and central areas
1. ASIENTO - trade culture & restrictions
2. Hausa & Kanem-Bornu
Islam & Ifa oba nikoso aye Lucumi Shango
Santeria Orisha Shango
EARLY SLAVERY IN THE AMERICAS
Native American Slavery
50-90% Disease - slavery - floral + faunal extinctions 500 Nations, 12 to 25 million.
African Slaves in Cape Verde / Canaries - Tordesillas 1494
Pedro Alonzo Nino (over 50% from 1500- 1800 were Africans)
Who Really Discovered America?
Azteca Mexica
Chaco Canyon & the Anasazi
a. Columbus and De Las Casas
b. Diego Velasquez de Cuellar – sugar, coffee and tobacco - African Slaves
c. Cortes and La Malinche (1521)
1. Terrorism
2. Cultural Genocide
3. Latifundia & Encomienda
4. color coded society - Racism
e. Ponce De Leon (1565)
1. St. Augustine / Ft Mose - Images of the Fort
f. a slaves view of the slave markets in Africa
1. Oladuah Equiano
Afro-Caribbean Maroons & Boucan-neers
1619 First recorded enslaved Africans in Jamestown
Middle passage and early slave culture (movie "DIGGING")
- John Smith, John Rolfe, Pocahontas
- Anthony the Negro
- 1619 Jamestown and agribusiness
- 1621 Plymouth colony and the "City on the Hill"
Oliver Cromwell
1675-76 King Phillips War (Metacomet)
Indentured Servitude + institutionalized slavery
people, land (treatment) anti-literacy in view of religion., polit., econ., technology., freedoms
1676 - Bacons Rebellion - Piedmont vs. Tidewater Jamestown, Va.
1 - Legitimacy of Popular revolt - early sectionalism
2 - shows a shift to slaves and away from indenture-ment.
3 - Indian War - divide & conquer
4 - Mother laws
5 - anti-miscegenation laws - color coded class - Racism in North America
1688-9 - Glorious Revolution & right to revolt (King James of England is overthrown)
1690 - Locke -Social hierarchy, elites & middle passage
Economic developments = Eng. superiority + political. overlap
Rebellions!
BORDERLANDS CULTURE
PLANTATION CULTURE - SANKOFA
Great Awakening & Fundamentalism, 1730's evangelism
Enlightenment and the History of "White" People
1739 STONO Rebellion in South Carolina
Negro Act of 1740
1753 Phyllis Wheatley poet.
Ben Franklin 1750's proposed a confederacy of assemblies
1754-63 French + Indian War (7 yrs.) War (9 yrs.) - stimulated desires for freedom
1763 Proclamation limits westward expansion
Maroons
Economic competition -New Jersey Ironworks
Guilds, Fraternities & protest
English Acts to regain War costs:
1770 Boston Massacre - (compares w/ N. Ireland & Israeli occupation of the West Bank).
1.Crispus Attucks
2. Biography - Crispus Attucks
Colonial search for "American" philosophy sparks anti-slavery groups
1.Locke - "on civil gov." 1690
2.Biblical Old Testament tyrannical " Kings" taxation
1774 Intolerable Acts - isolating Massachusetts (Boston martial law) colonial boycotts follow + Papers, pamphlets, & "Sons of Liberty" & “PATRIOTS”
Sept. 1774 First Continental Congress begins to articulate widespread independent sentiments.
April 18, 1775 Boston - British march on Lexington / Concord
June 1775 Bunker Hill (Breeds Hill) inflict heavy damage on British and only slightly less. Gen. Washington given command
1. Peter Salem (kills Maj. Pitcairn)
2. Salem Poor
July 4, '76 - The Declaration of Independence http://www.ushistory.org/declaration/document/rough.htm
T. Jefferson had anti-slavery clause. Adams and Franklin concur
1777 (rat' 81) Articles of Confederation -
Executive Committee + President of Congress
No Taxation powers
No currency powers
No banking regulatory powers
No interstate trade / infrastructure powers
Jefferson wrote: "Gen. Ed. is to enable every man to judge for himself what will secure or endanger his freedom.”
Loyalists 20-30% whites & some blacks & Indians ( 76 + 82, 85 Zinn.)
- Lord Dunmore
Most continue to fight - MAROONS
1780 Jean Baptiste Point du Sable in "Eschikagou" The French and Indian connection
1787 The U.S. Constitution
Abolish slavery + religious persecution? - NO!
Northwest Ordinance limits expansion of slavery
Constitutional Convention 1787 - signs constitution.
1.Elite composition & reasoning
2.Bill of Rights - chaos, instability and high hopes result in sectional/special interest compromise between political/economical elites argument over-centralization breeding tyranny or popular (mob) will - viewed as destabilizing
3 Great Compromise – 3/5ths - Slavery as America's first "protected" institution
1790 Washington president - Biggest slave holder in the Nation...
Industry & Invention -1793 cotton gin, 1807 steam boats, 1817
Erie Canal, 1830 railroads, 1834 McCormick , 1837 John Deere
1791 Begin shift from seeking peace to seeking removal of Native Americans so more Plantations can result
HAITI – Toussaint L'Ouverture begins a revolution against France
EXPANSION OF SLAVERY – JEFFERSON & JACKSON
Jefferson Family Tree - Gendered Enslavement
1790 - "Widower" Thomas Jefferson as Envoy to Paris & Secretary of State - Sally Hemings and Jefferson's Blood
1795 Andrew Jackson - land speculator slaver 1795
1803 Louisiana Purchase ($15 million - Jefferson) doubles size
- HAITI
1804 – 6 Lewis & Clark & Sacajawea & York (dance??)
1808 International slave trade outlawed - Domestic trade thrives - prices increase
1812 War of 1812 / Tecumseh’s War (TECUMSEH, Harrison + Tippecanoe)
1. War over British impressment - Britain anti-slave trade
2. Slave states later add to Jackson’s future coalition- Louisiana, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Tennessee, Florida
3. War of 1812 British competition
1813 "Red sticks" Creek Indian war - Georgia, Alabama, Miss.
"here we may rest"
1814 Horseshoe bend kills 800 using Creek allies then takes all land
1815 Veteran Peter Caulder settles Fort Smith Arkansas (until 1859 exclusion act)
1818 Seminole War = Runaway slaves = Florida Purchase 1819
Jackson becomes governor Florida Territory
– Plantation slavery rises and Ft Mose is abandoned – Africans begin Black Seminole tribe
1821 Mexico gains Independence from Spain
New Constitution - rise of frontier agrarian democracy (in U.S. & Mex.)
& charter "Impresario" slave plantations & ranchos
1824 Quincy wins House run-off Pres. -Jackson wins popular vote – the Southern
Democrat is born
1828 Jacksons Regional & Sectional coalition victory
"Spoils system" of post rewards – Roger Taney
tariff, economically isolates south -Jackson president initiates "Indian removal"
70,000 + Native Americans and African Americans forcibly relocated
1829 Gold discovered on Creek land -Indian removal Act & Trail of Tears
1831 Chickasaws begin Trail of Tears
Nat Turner - 60 whites killed - crackdown results
1836 Alamo – The Texas Slave Republic
1838 John Ross, Sequoia -Cherokee Trail of Tears / Stand Watie
UTOPIANS
Abolition Mormons Jacksonians Manifest Destiny
Garrison Joseph Smith Texas California
Crockett
Douglass Brigham Young Huston / Impresarios Sutter / Gold rush
Truth / Feminists Utah War Alamo
Texas (slave) Republic California (free) Republic
ABOLITIONIST MOVEMENT & Free Blacks? - "The American Dream"
1753 Phyllis Wheatley - poet.
1790 + MAROOONS
1791 Ben Banneker - Almanac, astronomy.
A. American colonization society -pro
B. Free African society -con
C. American anti-slavery soc
D. African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME)
1794 Absalom Jones (Deacon) and Richard Allen (AME)
1800 Free African Soc. (Jones & Allen)
E. Society of Friends (Quakers) - Levi Coffin (& John Fairfield), Benjamin Lundy (“Genius of Universal Emancipation”).
1820 Missouri Compromise - one slave for one free state - no slave states below 36/30
1820 Liberia “formed” by American Colonization Society to resettle Blacks to Africa.
1836 ALAMO - war with Mexico
1839 Garrison seized control of Am. anti - slavery soc.
W. L. Garrison active white abolition (Liberator, 1831)
Cinque / J. Q. Adams - Amistad Mutiny
1840's James Beckwourth - 1850 Beckwourth pass Reno
1844-5 Texas annexed by Tyler
-Slave state
1845 Frederick Douglass heads many authors (North Star)
1848 Lucretia Mott + Cady Stanton - Women's rights / temperance
Sojourner Truth & anti slavery link
Gold in California
Peace treaty with Mexico - new land imbalances Missouri Compromise
1849 Harriet Tubman -underground railroad
Quakers - Levi Coffin (& John Fairfield), Benjamin Lundy (“Genius of Universal Emancipation”).
1850 California Gold & Free Republic
Beckwourth pass Reno
California becomes a state + Compromise of 1850
Fugitive slave law - part of 1850 compromise
Beginning of Kansas-Nebraska
1852 Uncle Tom's Cabin -Stowe
1853 Solomon Northup made a slave 12 yrs.
1854 Kansas / Nebraska Act dissolves Miss. comp. 36-30
and ends old Whig/demo for new Republican. vs Democratic parties
1855 Bleeding Kansas - J. B. Hickok meets W. F.
Cody, John Brown
1857 Dred Scott -TANEY property laws, states rights, fed. Precedent
1858 Le Compton Constitution
pro slave Kansas (Congress rejects)
Buchanan weak pro-gradualism
Lincoln/ Douglas Debate (Douglas and rail speculation)
1859 John Brown
Harpers Ferry
Abolitionist support ( Douglass-Thoreau- Emerson )
1860 -Lincoln elected minority President
Dec. 20, 1860 S. Carolina secedes - address the character differences - Northern & Southern leadership....
1861 Apr 14 -Fort Sumter (1862 Homestead Act)
Pre Civil War Slave revolts:
American Colonization Movement & American Anti-Slavery Society
1. Gabriel's Revolt (1800) Gabriel (Prosser) revolt in Richmond – ratted out by bondsmen. Gabriel and 26 others hanged.
2. York – William Clark’s enslaved explorer
3. War of 1812
4. Paul Cuffee
5. 1822 Denmark Vesey free black 1800) Charleston, So. Carolina Bastille Day plot to free thousands of enslaved Blacks. Vesey -organizer of up to 9000 “ratted out” by Blacks currying favor with Whites, 131 tried, 65 convicted, 35 hanged. 139 arrest., 47 death.
6. J. P. Beckwourth - Black Manifest Destiny
7. Nat Turner -1831 60 masters dead, 110 slaves. A Birth of a Nation (trailer)
8. Sengbe Pe (Joseph Cinque) -1839 Amistad mutiny, 1841 pres J.Q. Addams 8hr supreme court victory. Cinque+ go to Sierra Leone.
9. Martin R. Delaney & David Walker
10. W. L. Garrison and Frederick Douglass
11. Henry Highland Garnet
12. Sojourner Truth and Stowe
13. Dred Scott -1857 Taney decision "prop. not citizen<human> & miss comp. void
14. Harriet Tubman / Underground Railroad
15. Bleeding Kansas -John Brown at Potawatomie
Brown & Harpers Ferry
America’s paradoxical (hypocritical) responses
A. 1787 Northwest Ordinance
B. 1808 U.S./ U.K. outlaws slave trade but piracy and smuggling increase
C. 1820 Mo. Comp.
D. 1820 Liberia / American Colonization Society
E 1850 Compromise. – Popular sovereignty / Fugitive Slave Law
F. 1854 Kansas / Nebraska. Act - Kansas/Nebraska Act also ends Miss. Compromise.
The Fugitive Slave Act = Slave catchers - John Brown at Potawatomie
G. Republican Party
CIVIL WAR
REPUBLICANS AMER. PARTY DEMOCRATS
"KNOW NOTHINGS"
free soil, labor, anti - immigration. pro- slavery +
men immigration no
longer national
1855 Bleeding Kansas - J. B. Hickok meets W. F.
Cody, John Brown
1857 Panic
Dred Scott
1858 Le Compton Constitution
pro slave Kansas (Congress rejects)
Buchanan weak
Lincoln/ Douglas Debate (Douglas and rail
speculation)
1859 John Brown
Harpers Ferry
Abolitionist support ( Douglass-Thoreau-
Emerson )
1860 -Lincoln elected minority President
Dec. 20, 1860 S. Carolina secedes - address the character differences - Northern & Southern leadership....
The Slave Ship Clotilda
defensive local offensive
Volunteer Conscription
State Units National Units
foreign aid self-supporting
leadership.....
THE CIVIL WARS MAJOR BATTLES
1861 April - Fort Sumter 12-14th Charleston, N. Carolina
Richmond vs Washington
June '61 1st Bull run CSA Victory (Manassas)
Monitor V Merrimac (Virginia):
March '62 Peninsula Campaign McClellan to Richmond
" 7 days " Lee wins - June and July
April '62 CSA Maryland Attack
Grant at Shiloh - Memphis
Sept. '62 Antietam - Union victory ends CSA " all of out attack"
Lincoln Begins To Think: "Emancipation?"
Nov. ' 62 Grant - Memphis Siege / Vicksburg
1863 Emancipation Proclamation
North reactionary - Conscription riots / lynching
BLACKS IN THE WAR
The 2 points of view on slavery as all important or peripheral
37,000 blacks die, .250 thousand serve
Draft Riots
March '63 French invade Mex. Max.
Britain goes to Egypt / India for cotton
July '63 Gettysburg Meade / 23,000 Lee, Pickett / 28,000
July 4th Vicksburg Grant / Fed. Victory
Massachusetts 54th Colored Regiment
FT. Wagner – Gould Shaw / William H. Carney – Medal of Honor
Aug. '63 Lawrence Kansas - Quantrill & the James'
'64 Grant takes over He and Sherman destroy south - total war
Atlanta - Sept.
1864 Ft. Pillow / Nathan Bedford Forrest 262+ Massacred
'64 Wilderness 180,000 -Spotsylvania 8000 -Cold Harbor 12,000 -
Atlanta, Savannah & Special Field Order 15, 40 Acres and a Mule
'65 Petersburg & Richmond
Apr. 9th Appomattox -Custer -Ely S. Parker
Stand Watie v. John Ross
1865 - 1900: United States Segregates
3 interrelated phenomena are occurring – and Black Americans are involved in each:
RECONSTRUCTION *WESTWARD *URBAN
EXPANSION INDUSTRIALIZATION
Post-war conditions Native Americans.. Migrations..
Homestead Acts.. Big Business.
Transcontinental Railroads..
First: RECONSTRUCTION – The 4 GOALS of Reconstruction-
#1 - Re-admit the former Confederate states back into the Union
#2 - Re-Build the destroyed economy and infrastructure of the South
#3 - New Social Services for formerly enslaved African Americans
#4 - Republican Power (only in existence for 11 years, the Republicans wanted to keep control of the Nation’s economy)
4 Plans:
#1 Lincoln - Emancipation Proclamation, 13th Amend. & + 10% adult white
males. Ironclad Oath (future).
#2 Wade-Davis - majority white males - 50%+ Ironclad Oath (never rebelled).
Apr.14 1865 - 1st Presidential assassination
#3 Johnson / presidential - x-Confederates back in with Personal Oath
#4 Radical / Congressional fight with Johnson produces Radical Republican Plan.
KEY ELEMENTS OF CONGRESSIONAL (Radical) RECONSTRUCTION:
Congressional Radicals like Thaddeus Stevens / Charles Sumner –
13th Amendment – abolishes slavery
14th Amendment – determines citizenship: Blacks are citizens – while ex-Confederates & Natives Americans are not
15th Amendment – universal male suffrage
Freedman’s Bureau '65-72: Federal civil rights for Blacks
1865 -South begins to "rise again"
Economic control = Black Codes, vagrancy
Political control = literacy, poll tax & grandfather clause
Social control = Jim Crow, KKK
1865 -Northern (Republican) response
Black People = families, church’s, organizations & associations, Schools, and Exodus (“Exodusters”)
Tunis Campbell & Georgia
Reparations? (40 acres and a mule?)
Carpetbaggers & scalawags
*Industrial Revolution / Northern jobs.
*Meanwhile, Out West.
...Sioux, Cheyenne – Buffalo Soldiers, John Henry -Railroads & Gold!.
1866 May election-day race riots Memphis (Ida B. Wells-Barnett), New Orleans etc.
The rise of the Ku Klux Klan & others
Lynching begins
1867 Lincoln - Johnson governments vetoed by congress
Johnson’s impeachment - House does, senate acquits
Grants election '68
1867 Radical Recon. = Land confiscated & redistributed
Universal male suffrage
Political reorganization
Education
Wage Job Equal.
1868 Grant elected
Scandals, Credit Moblier, Whiskey Ring,
Ku Klux Klan,
Carpet bags, Scalawags,
Amnesty '72, Depression '73,
1870 Force (Enforcement) Acts = 5 Military districts
KKK Act
Crop lien system / Sharecropping
Southern, local Black Codes (eventually turn into National Jim Crow segregation laws by 1896 Plessy versus Ferguson)
Red Cloud at Fort Laramie
1876 -R.B. Hayes election - Custer
1877 Compromise – ends Reconstruction – Hayes traded Southern support for African American’s rights
Post--Reconstruction Civil Rights Advocacy
Douglass, Wells, Washington,
Du Bois, Carver, Carter Woodson
9th & 10th cav. = Buffalo soldiers
24th & 25th Infantry
1865-77 -the Black experience
Family
Church
Education
Southern Socio-economics
NATIVE AMERICANS
1848 Sutter’s Fort (mill) gold discovery & California Indians, Blacks & Mexicans denied legal claims
1859 Colorado gold
1862 Homestead Acts
1864 James P. Beckwourth at Sand Creek – 150 Cheyenne (Colorado) massacred
1865 Sioux Wars – Buffalo Soldiers
1866 Long drives – Deadwood Dick
1867 Indian Territory established.
1868 Grant elected – Sherman / Sheridan (Custer)
Fort Laramie / Red Cloud Treaty ('68 thru '74 Custer intrusion)
1869 Black Americans help complete the first Transcontinental Railroad.
1873 Barbed wire and silver in Nevada
1874 Black hills gold
1875 Sioux Wars resume after “Thieves’ Road” violations
1876 Little Big Horn
Custer 212 men versus 2000+ Sioux Cheyenne Braves
9th & 10th Cavalry (Buffalo Soldiers) sent out
Geronimo begins -Apache Saga (Mexico, Mangas Coloradas, Cochise)
1886 Geronimo captured
1887 Dawes Severalty Act
1889 Oklahoma Land Rush - Indian Territory opened to whites
Jim Crow laws come to free Black Oklahoma
1890 Wounded Knee
Big Foot & 200+ die at the hands of the 7th cav.
1906 Burke Act - Assimilation enhancement - CANCELLATION
OF LAND OWNERSHIP RIGHTS
URBAN INDUSTRY / BUSINESS
Mercantilism (tariffs) & “Free Enterprise”
Inventions / patents -36,000 pre 1860, 440,000 + 1860-90 Free African Americans invent new devices and products.
Urban magnet - Ghettos & bosses - assimilation
Social Darwinism - Manifest Destiny - Gospel of Wealth 1901
Stocks & combines / monopoly: Horizontal & vertical integration.
Trust holding co.
1849 McCormick Reaper – (International Harvester 1902) makes cotton based slavery antique – but it persisted!
1860 Civil War sparks the close bond between business and government – the
future “Military-Industrial Complex”
1862 Homestead Act, Stone Act, Timber Act encourage some Black Americans to settle out West
1865 Reconstruction, Migration Gold / Silver
1866 National Labor Union & Black organized labor
1869 Knights of Labor
1872 Tweed - Tammany Hall Political machines
1873 Panic, depression end NLU, Molly Maguires.
1876 Bell Telephone invention / company & Louis Latimer
1877 National Rail-strike and its impact on African American labor
1879 Edison Light “invention” & Louis Latimer (again!)
1881 Tuskegee Institute / Booker T. Washington
1886 Anarchist Haymarket bombing (Chicago anarchism) & American Federation of Labor (AFL) Gompers, “skilled workers” – Blacks not allowed
1887 '90 Sherman Anti-Trust Act - used against unions!
1889 Dark European immigration
Labor conditions – children, women, ethnic minorities in urban settings
1892 Homestead strike – Carnegie Steel (Frick & Pinkerton’s)
1892 Ida B. Wells in Memphis - "A Red Record"
1893 Depression
1894 Pullman strike -Federal troops
1895 Booker T. Washington’s Atlanta Compromise speech
1896 Plessy v Fergusson - Homer Plessy
1898 Spanish-American War
1899 W.E.B. Du Bois & the Philadelphia Negro
1901 Morgan’s U.S. Steel
American Socialist Party
1903 Kitty Hawk
Women’s Trade Union League
The History of Unions
1906-14 Ford Motor Company – moving assembly line.
San Francisco Earthquake
CAPTAINS OF INDUSTRY – OR – ROBBER-BARONS?
Borden Armour Vanderbilt Gould Getty Huntington
Stanford Carnegie Schwab Rockefeller F.W. Taylor Sears
Roebuck Edison Bell NCR(Burroughs?) Pullman
Morgan Westinghouse Mellon Goodyear DuPont
George Washington Carver Louis Latimer Nikola Tesla Hiram Maxim
SOCIAL DARWINISM & MANIFEST DESTINY ABROAD:
An IMPERIALIST U.S?
OLD WORLD COLONIAL IMPERIALISM versus NEO-COLONIAL IMPERIALISM
1875 Pearl Harbor naval base
1893 Hawaii "Revolution" + (Liliuokalani)
1896 Klondike / Alaska gold rush
1898 Hawaiian annexation
Maine explodes
US war in Philippine Islands, Guam, Puerto Rico and Cuba (1898 -1922 Moro Wars)
1900 I Ho Chuan – Boxers & 55 days at Peking
1901 Aguinaldo captured by Funston, Moro wars continue
REACTIONS TO "AGE " OF EXPANSION
Grangers - Populists - Progressives - Socialists - Muckrakers
- 1873 Women’s Christ. Temp. Union Anthony – Stanton - Stone
- 1887 ICC regulates interstate commerce
- 1889 Jane Addams Hull (settlement) House
- 1892 John Muir - Sierra Club
- 1893 Depression
- 1898 US Anti-Imperialist league, Knight/ALF, American Socialist Party all anti war (Eugene V. Debs - IWW)
- 1900 Texas "Commission" style government
1901 Theodore Roosevelt Progressive President - anti trust\trust regulator
labor mediator - conservationist (old school)
- Pure Food & Drug Act
- Meat Inspection Act
- Nobel Prize (Russo-Japanese war)
- Forest Reserves
Interventionist – Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine (neo-colonialism)
Panama Canal.... "Big Stick"
Nicaragua / Panama
Diaz - Madero - Huerta - Carranza/Obregon
vs. Zapata & Villa
1901 American Medical Association
American Bar Association model (1878)
1902 Big stick breaks Venezuelan blockade
Monroe Doctrine Corollary
1903 Russo / Japan war
Department of. Commerce + Labor - Minimum wage, Maximum work day
1904 Panama Canal
Ford - Standard Oil - US Steel
(Getty) (Morgan)
1905 Russo - Japanese War ended
Race & Eugenics
National Education Association
-Niagara Movement NAACP
'03 NAFAM Council + NA Colored
'08 Riot - Illinois
'09/ '10 NAACP
1906 Hepburn Rail Act
ICC FTC
Meat Inspection Act
1907 Recession - Pinchot / Roosevelt conservationist
Suffrage in the west (Wyoming 1869, Utah, Colorado, Idaho)
Margaret Sanger – birth control: a Women’s Rights issue?
Carrie Chapman Catt versus Alice Paul – Multiple concerns of Modern Feminism
NAWSA versus Congressional Union
NWP of Alice Paul
1909 William Howard Taft (until 1913)
Roll back Progressive reforms
Dollar Diplomacy
1910 Mann Act = Jack Johnson
BULLMOOSE PARTY
90 minute speech!!
1913 Woodrow Wilson President - Southerner, political scientist/author, moralist
Victorian, Stalled suffrage, Pres. of Princeton, Gov. New Jersey, Pres. US 1912, Isolationist
16th Amendment - INCOME TAX Sixteenth Amendment (ratified by the requisite number of states in 1913):
"The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several States, and without regard to any census or enumeration."
Federal Reserve act
Clayton Anti-Trust act -
Keating-Owens act - tries to end child labor
Federal Trade Commission act
1914 ABC Mediation
Tampico 1914
Diaz - Madero - Huerta - Carranza/Obregon
vs. Zapata & Villa
CAUSES OF WORLD WAR ONE
Treaties Traditional Alliances / marriages Colonialism
Franz Ferdinand assassinated by Serbian in Sarajevo, Bosnia
- US neutral
Hyphenated Americans are divided - women / socialists for peace + US neutrality
Trade increases to both sides and American military build up
Entente - Empire of Great Britain – Empire of France – Russian Empire
Alliance - Austro-Hungarian Empire., Germany – Empire of Ottoman Turkey
1915 Press "Hun" stuff +
U Boat attacks Lusitania
Trench warfare
Technology of death
(MORAL WAR?)
1916 John J. (Black Jack) Pershing retaliates against ex - ally of US & Carranza,
Pancho Villa – For border clashes, Emiliano Zapata revolts.
RASPUTIN
Youtube Rasputin
The Bolshevik Revolution – the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics USSR
The Soviet Union withdraws
1917 US recognizes Carranza government. + * Zimmerman note
Germany+ Mexico against US / War declared.
1918 Allied Expeditionary Force (AEF) Forces reach "over-there" 8 mos. later war over
War for Freedom?
a. the war "over there"
War and Race
276 distinguished awards from 270th, 369th, 370th, 371st Croix de Guerre & Legion of Honor
Hellfighters!
b. Welcome Home - BLOODY SUMMER
1 .stoning of swimming boy-Chicago
2. 1917 riots in Houston - 13 dead
3. beatings
Beginnings of the first “Red Scare” fears of foreign radicals
A. Mitchell Palmer Raids* Sedition Act joins 1917 Espionage Act
A “WAR-TO-END-ALL-WARS?”,
CULTURAL PEAKS AND ECONOMIC VALLEYS,
And…A NEW WAR
FIRST: PARIS PEACE – A Chance to “Make War No More”
Wilsons character:
Moralistic + idealist
academic
inflexible - Unable to delegate
isolationist
Clemenceau
Lloyd - George
Orlando
1918 Kolchak + / Czech fiasco + 1917 rev. excludes USSR
14 Points (the ones relevant to us!):
open covenants + negotiation
International court
self - determination
ethnic national boundaries
free trade
free navigation
arms reduction
League of Nations -w/military clout
Polish borders
no punitive reparation
27 nations at TREATY OF VERSAILLES:
* colonial trustee-ship (results in 3rd World wars of colonial liberation)
De - militarize Germany (seen as an insult to the only non-invaded country)
Land + $33 billion in reparations (results in massive depression)
Poland re - created (Germany is cut off)
League of Nations – neutered (funding control, unanimous veto power)
The U.S. congress will not ratify it – constitutional war powers
* = Bosnia / Serbia
Mid-east (the Kingdom of Saud and the creation of Iran, Iraq, Syria & Turkey)
Palestine (the Mandate of England & France)
Africa (Saharan colonialism. Sub-Saharan colonialism / South African apartied))
Asia (French Indochina)
Later - Adolph Hitler will use the Versailles treaty as a political tool to power with "Mein Kampf."
RED SCARE
Eugene V. Debs / Espionage Act
W.E.B. DuBois
Ho Chi Minh
Alice Paul
Margaret Sanger
Marcus Garvey
ROARING 20s:
WWI - background - International influences, Women at work, Race
LIBERAL “ROARING” ERA or CONSERVATIVE (REP) ERA
1920 Women’s Suffrage 19th 1919 prohibition 18th
(Blacks and Amerindians denied)
Speakeasies Republican Presidents
Sex, Drugs & ..Jazz? Harding + Coolidge -
Hoover
Flappers Progressive reform rollback
Bohemian Influences Nativism & Immigrant
Restriction Act 1924
Gangsters
Socialism / Labor Federal Bureau(later FBI / BATF)
Harlem Renaissance KKK
Bumpy Johnson
Langston Hughes
Richard Wright Organized Crime
Zora Neale Hurston
Jazz
Top 20 Black 20s Jazz http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p3ZspdOFlj0
20s Women http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3svvCj4yhYc&list=RDp3ZspdOFlj0 Black Bottom http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jTR6xBeC2xA
Cab Calloway http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_8yGGtVKrD8
Most blacks Republicans.
Planes, Trains, & Automobiles
RCA – Radio and Advertising
Common Stock Market – Trusts (Concentrations, combinations, mal-distributions of Wealth begin)
Modern Corporations begin
Marcus M. Garvey UNIA
W.E.B. DuBois
Scopes Trial – Bryan / Darrow
Booker T. Washington
Carter G. Woodson
A. P. Randolph
Harlem Renaissance - Micheaux, Nativism - Klan
Hughes, Hurston, Gwen Brooks, Augusta Savage, Jean Toomer, Paul Robeson, Josephine Baker, Carter G. Woodson, (Pulitzer) R. Wright
“Shadow Ball”
Satchel Paige, Rube Foster, Cool Papa Bell
Jack Johnson
Financial excess - Poor stock controls +
progressive demise
Immigrant restriction act
Bohemian Craze - Paris – ex-patriotism
Josephine Baker
Hitler.......................................Hitler
GREAT DEPRESSION / PRE-INTRO WW II
Political Economy and Political Economy = The social systems that control the evaluation and re-distribution of labor, goods, and services.
The 20s Economy http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PdDuiZwmAfo
Crash Course in the 20s http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VfOR1XCMf7A
Stock Market – Trusts (no one)
“over-specialized - over-speculation - overextended
Mal-distributions of Wealth
1929, OCT. 29 CRASH - Hoover unable to cope/ Hoovervilles
CRASH!
Depression
severe droughts midwest - tariffs
25 million unemployed - Bonus Army
Pershing, Patton, Eisenhower
1930 Article – Depression, race 1931-1945 http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/timeline/depwwii/race/
Depression, women African Americans & immigrants https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GbN0FSt4x9M
Scottsboro Boys https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RixDZhdfZJI
Scottsboro lecture https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TmsYLmqx3wg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottsboro_Boys
Marion, Billie Holiday, strange fruit https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wb7DG8SpYds
1932 FDR elected - 1st NEW DEAL - Guarantor State
Eleanor Roosevelt - Human Rights
Informal cabinet
John Maynard Keynes - interventionism
1933 Bank Hlday/EBA - SA - AAA - FERA - TVA - NIRA - CWA - CCC
SEC HOLA PWA
FDIC NRA
Prohibition repealed
Congressional & Supreme Court push-back
1935 2ND NEW DEAL- SCDAA - FSA - SSA - REA - NLRA(B) - WPA
Roosevelt "Critics"
Populists - Huey P. Long (Louisiana-eat the rich)
Fr. F. Coughlin (Detroit- Minimum wage / Nazi / anti Semite)
Dr. F. Townsend. (elderly-social sec.)
Major General Smedley D. Butler, and the Business Plot...
1935 Great "okie" migrations
Chas. Houston
Wpa African Americans in the depression https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y0Dd-NmdUDo
Student video blacks in the depression https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mRD6IYPBX6k
#2 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gl-QVWvylxw
1939 Hitler invades Poland - business picks up.
Roosevelt runs on isolationist stance
1941 Pearl Harbor - The War and the Economy
A Turn Away From Depression
WORLD WAR II
1924 Stalin assumes power in the USSR (Darkness at Noon)
1928 Hitler, the depression & politics in Europe
Japan on modernization of government & “Asia for Asians”.
American Eugenics -H.H. Laughlin, Al Priddy, pros Strode, def Whitehead, O. W. Holmes -'05 thru '72 70thou sterilized -upheld by Virginia constitution in the 1927 Buck vs Bell case
1931 Japan in Korea & Manchuria
1932 Tuskegee Syphilis - "Experiment"
1933 Hitler in power -Hiezenberg Nobel Prize (Einstein / Bohr)
Bomb theoretically possible
Ethnic Cleansing...."Work" Camps (Eugenics)
1935 Italy invades Ethiopia -U.S. Neutrality acts
Jews emigrate with stories of disappearances & bomb...
1937 Japan enters China -Mao Tse Tung / Chiang Kai Shek
RAPE of Nanking - pix
1938 Germany annexes Austria (Anschlus etc.)
Aushwitz, Berkinow...4700 a day killed
1939 Czechoslovakia -Nazi/Soviet pact -Poland
Belgium/France -Dunkirk 338,000 evacuated
1939 Hitler (and the USSR) invades Poland - business picks up.
Roosevelt runs on isolationist stance
1940 Axis formed –Roosevelt’s 3rd term -London bombed
Hideki Tojo and the Zaibatsu control Japan
1941 Lend-Lease Atlantic Charter –
Barbarossa, Hitler invades USSR
Pearl Harbor - Dorie Miller
Dolittle raid
A. Phillip Randolph on Washington
WWII Black Service
Manhattan project funding & Klaus Fuchs (known in 1950)
ROSIE!!!
1942 Japanese interred ex. order 9066 VS Nisei Soldiers - 442 Regimental Combat team
-Manhattan Project
Coral Sea, Midway end Japans offensive -
North Africa – Kassarine pass, El Alamein
Stalingrad
Ex. order 8802 military/fed discrimination -CORE starts
"over...paid, fed, sexed, & here"
1943 Casablanca
Soviet victory at Stalingrad (Paulus) -N. Africa victories
ZOOT SUITS! -50 city race riots peak
-Italy invaded
Teheran conference
1944 Operation Overlord/D-Day -Paris liberated -Roosevelt 4th presidency
Port Chicago Disaster / Mutiny
1945 Yalta -Mao defeats Chiang
Roosevelt dies – Harry S. Truman steps in
German surrender
Potsdam - Going on while A bomb is tested
Iwo Jima, Okinawa, Stalin in China
Hitler commits suicide as the Soviets capture Berlin, ending the war in Europe.
The U.S. drops two atomic bombs on Japan, ending the war in the Pacific
Hiroshima
Fact Finder Student Video
DISCUSSION OPTIONS:
Compare Adolf Hitler and the rise of the Nazi party with Japan and the United States efforts to get out of the Depression
Could World War II have been avoided?
Hiroshima & Nagasaki: Why were the bombs dropped – could they have been avoided?
COLD WAR -spies, proxies, Red Scares & domino fears versus
CIVIL RIGHTS –freedom, dignity & justice
a. Veterans coming home
1. United Nations / Universal Declaration of Human Rights
2. Unequal prosperity
3. The GI Bill
4. The welfare issue
5. White Flight & suburban/urban shift
6. Media image -June Cleaver?? Aunt Jemima???
b. The RED SCARE, Joseph McCarthy America
1. HUAC
2. Blacks and Socialism/Communism
1947 Truman Doctrine begun & Marshall Plan announced
Jackie Robinson & Branch Rickey
1948 Berlin Blockade
-Israel created by United Nations & Ralph Bunche
Hagana – Palmat - Moussad
1949 NATO -Alger Hiss -China -Soviet Bomb - The Rosenbergs
(Whitaker Chambers)
1950 Korea -McCarthy & Nixon (Hiss convicted) (Klaus Fuchs outed)
1951 Cuba – A Revolution begins
The 1951 Dons UCSF http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=30k0nMa_zK4
Backstory
Robert Williams - (Black Men) "Negroes With Guns"
1952 U.S. out of Japan - Korean Armistice
Malcolm X begins his ministry in the NOI
1954 Brown V Board of Ed, Topeka Kansas.
Houston & Constance Baker Motley, & Thurgood Marshall (Morris Dees)
Dien Bien Phu – French out, U.S. in Vietnam
1955 Warsaw Pact
Emmet Till
Vernon Johns
E.D. Nixon, A.P. Randolph & Rosa Parks & Martin Luther King in Montgomery –SCLC (1955)
1. Gandhi
2. Media as tool of the masses <Egypt & the “Arab Spring”>
3. Direct action through non-violent passive organized resistance
4. The impact of "by any means necessary" –Malcolm X
1956 Suez Crisis
-SCLC -Little Rock 9 Terry Roberts
1957 Sputnik
Littlerock-Terry Roberts
Baby Boom Peak
1959 Castro, & CUBA
-Malcolm X – NOI principle spokesman
Eisenhower's Military Industrial Complex Warning (7:30)
1960 John F. Kennedy elected
-U2
-the Pill
-OPEC
Viet Nam -Special Forces
SNCC – Ella Baker & (Student) Youth Leadership Conference
1961 Greece
-Berlin Wall
-Bay of Pigs
Mercury
CORE – Freedom Riders begin
Fannie Lou Hamer -SNCC - Stokely Carmichael aka Kwame Toure
1962 Cuban Missile Crisis
Dolores Huerta-Cesar Chavez/UFWA
Chicano!
1963 Medgar Evers Assassinated
Diem assassinated -16,000+ advisers in 'Nam
-King in Washington
Kennedy assassinated- "Chickens come home to roost?" (Malcolm X)
1964 Lyndon B. Johnson (1963-69)
Great Society/War on Poverty -Civil Rights Acts: ’64, ’65, ‘68
Mississippi Burning: Schwerner, Chaney & Goodman – “Freedom Summer” martyrs
Tonkin incident / Resolution
Berkeley - Free Speech
Escobedo
Malcolm on Haj - OAAU
1965 Malcolm X assassinated by?
-Watts -Selma
Immigration Act
Miranda
1966 Black Panther Party for Self Defense - Itsabouttimebpp.com
FREE HUEY"
Oakland - The Blackest City in the U.S.?
1967 127 cities riot -civil rights & anti-war
Gay Rights - ERA drive
ECONOMIC RIGHTS - A History Lesson From Dr. Martin Luther King
1968 King assassinated
Kennedy assassinated
168 cities riot
-Nixon: Peace with Honor, The Southern Strategy & a “Return to Normalcy”
Nixon & Hoover – COINTELPRO
Panthers in Sacramento
Angela Davis, & George Jackson
Democratic National Convention – Chicago “Riots” sponsored by police
Viet Nam through the Tet offensive -My Lai
Student Video - My Lai
1969 Woodstock
Black American Music
- Fred Hampton
-AIM - Alcatraz & Red Cry
-Cambodia
“Vietnamization” troop withdrawals
Stonewall GLBT revolution
Manson Family - Tate La Bianca Killings
Henry Kissinger & Realpolitik (pragmatic power politics w/out moralizing) -Detente
1970 Kent State 4 killed in Ohio
-EPA/earth day
Indian Self-determination & Cultural Assistance Act begins
1971 26th Amend. 18 year old voters
Shirley Chisolm for President!
Whistle Blowers:
Pentagon Papers / New York Times
Daniel Ellsberg – former Pentagon aide – leaks illegal Vietnam War secrets
WATERGATE
1972 CREEP-dirty tricks
Watergate break-in, Jim McCord
John Mitchell (Atty Gen)
Halderman-Ehrlicman-Dean-Hunt
Liddy
-Woodward & Bernstein (Wash. POST)
Deep Throat: former FBI deputy director William Mark Felt
-China -Soviet Union = SALT 1 (Kissinger)
-ERA initiated (failed '92)
1973 Watergate hearings - "Max" J. Sirica - Sam Ervin
Eliot Richardson replaces Mitchell
Agnew Resigns
Vietnam Treaty – Paris Peace Accords
Wounded Knee -
Roe v. Wade -
War Powers Act-60 day limit presidential action
Yom Kippur War
OPEC embargo
- Allende assassinated
-Archibald Cox Special Prosecutor Watergate
1974 Cox fired
Leon Jaworski – 18.5 min. of tape erased – transcripts “redacted”
Nixon resigns
Nixon Pardoned
1975 Vietnam falls to self-determination (Kissinger & Le Du Tho get Nobel Prize)
North Vietnam conquers the South - War with Cambodia
Indian Self-determination & Cultural Assistance Act passed
FORD (1974 - 77)
Pardon of Richard Nixon
Economic woes
Salt I (Continues)
Helsinki accords with USSR aim at end of the Cold War and increased Human Rights
CARTER (1977- 81)
Environment -solar panels
LOVE CANAL & "Superfund"
(play in reverse order)
OPEC - energy crisis & economic pit -Stagflation
Camp David accords & Nobel Prize (Israel / Egypt)
Salt II (round 2)
Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan (1979)
Charlie Wilson's War
Shah of Iran & the Ayatollah
Mt. St. Helens
Three Mile Island
REAGAN (1981-89)
Return of the "Cold Warrior"
Iranian Hostages
Star Wars
"Reaganomics" - Tax advantages for the wealthy: does it "trickle-down?"
De-regulation
Iran - Contra scandal ("86) - A Student's Summary Video
Mikhail Gorbachev
-Glasnost - openness & transparency in USSR
-Perestroika - restructuring Soviet political economy
Fall of the Berlin Wall = The end of the Cold War...?
G. H. W. BUSH (1989-93)
CIA connections (1976-77)
Fall of the Soviet Union = The end of the Cold War...?
Panama
Persian Gulf War - a storm in the desert (Kuwait)
CLINTON
G. W. BUSH
OBAMA
TRUMP (Katie's Game)
Final Discussion: What is the role of the United States as the sole "super-power" in the 21st Century?
China?
India?