MODULE #1 NOTES FOR 102
1865 United States
3 interrelated phenomena are occurring:
RECONSTRUCTION *WESTWARD EXPANSION *URBAN INDUSTRIALIZATION
Post-war conditions Native Americans.. Migrations..
Homestead Acts.. Big Business.
Transcontinental Railroads..
First: Reconstruction
GOALS: Re-admit former Confederate states
Re-Build
New Social Services for nearly 5 million freed African Americans
Republican Power
4 Plans:
#1 Lincoln - Emancipation Proclamation, 13th Amend. & + 10% adult white males. Ironclad Oath (future).
#2 Wade-Davis - majority white males - 50%+ Ironclad Oath (never rebelled).
Apr.14 1865 - 1st Presidential assassination
#3 Johnson / presidential - x-Confederates back in with Personal Oath
#4 Radical / Congressional fight with Johnson produces Radical Republican Plan.
KEY ELEMENTS OF RECONSTRUCTION:
Congressional Radicals like Thaddeus Stevens / Charles Sumner –
1865 -South begins to "rise again"
Economic control = Black Codes, vagrancy
Political control = literacy, poll tax & grandfather clause
Social control = Jim Crow, KKK
1865 -Northern (Republican) response
Black People = families, church’s, organizations & associations, Schools, and Exodus
Reparations? (40 acres and a mule?)
Carpetbaggers & scalawags
*Industrial Revolution / Northern jobs.
*Meanwhile, Out West.
...Sioux, Cheyenne – Buffalo Soldiers, John Henry -Railroads & Gold!.
1866 May election-day race riots Memphis (Ida B. Wells-Barnett), New Orleans etc.
1867 Lincoln - Johnson governments vetoed by congress
Johnson’s impeachment - House does, senate acquits
Grants election '68
1867 Radical Recon. = Land confiscated & redistributed
Universal male suffrage
Political reorganization
Education
Wage Job Equal.
1868 Grant elected
Scandals, Credit Moblier, Whiskey Ring,
Ku Klux Klan,
Carpet bags, Scalawags,
Amnesty '72, Depression '73,
1870 Force (Enforcement) Acts = 5 Military districts
KKK Act
Crop lien system / Sharecropping
Black Codes into Jim Crow (1896 Plessy versus Ferguson)
Red Cloud at Fort Laramie
1876 -R.B. Hayes election - Custer
1877 Compromise – ends Reconstruction
Post--Reconstruction Civil Rights Advocacy
Douglass, Wells, Washington,
Du Bois, Carver, Carter Woodson
9th & 10th cav. = Buffalo soldiers
24th & 25th Infantry
1865-77 -the Black experience
Family
Church
Education
Southern Socio-economics
NATIVE AMERICANS
1848 Sutter’s Fort (mill) gold discovery & California Indians
1859 Colorado gold
1862 Homestead Acts + May 5 Mexico defeats France
1864 Sand Creek 150 Cheyenne (Colorado) massacred
1865 Sioux Wars -Appomattox, Custer & Ely S. Parker (Indian Commissioner)
1866 Long drives
1867 Indian Territory established.
1868 Grant elected – Sherman / Sheridan (Custer)
Fort Laramie / Red Cloud Treaty ('68 thru '74 Custer intrusion)
1869 Railroad completed
1873 Barbed wire and silver in Nevada
1874 Black hills gold
1875 Sioux Wars resume after “Thieves’ Road” violations
1876 Little Big Horn
Terry Gibbon, Crook
Custer 212 men versus 2000+ Sioux Cheyenne Braves
Reno, Benteen
Attack 3 mi. village
Crow King -Crazy Horse -Sitting Bull
Geronimo begins -Apache Saga (Mexico, Mangas Coloradas, Cochise)
1886 Geronimo captured
1887 Dawes Severalty Act
1889 Oklahoma Land Rush - Indian Territory opened to whites
Wovoka Ghost Dance movement begins
1890 Wounded Knee
Big Foot & 200+ die at the hands of the 7th cav.
1906 Burke Act - Assimilation enhancement - CANCELLATION
OF LAND OWNERSHIP RIGHTS
URBAN INDUSTRY / BUSINESS
Mercantilism (tariffs) & “Free Enterprise”
Inventions / patents -36,000 pre 1860, 440,000 + 1860-90
Urban magnet - Ghettos & bosses - assimilation
Social Darwinism - Manifest Destiny - Gospel of Wealth 1901
Stocks & combines / monopoly: Horizontal & vertical integration.
Trust holding co.
1848 - 1851 I.M. Singer & co. Carnegie immigrates
1849 McCormick Reaper - International Harvester (1902)
1859 Pennsylvania Oil (Drake)
1860 Civil War sparks the close bond between business and government – the
future “Military-Industrial Complex”
1862 Homestead Act, Stone Act, Timber Act
1865 Reconstruction, Migration Gold / Silver
1866 National Labor Union & Trans Atlantic cable
1857 '64 open hearth steel making (Kelly/US-Bessemer/UK)
1869 Knights of Labor & Rockefellers Standard Oil ('82 Trust)
Black Friday market crash / depression
1872 Tweed - Tammany Hall Political machines
1873 Carnegie steel & Panic, depression end NLU, Molly Maguires.
1876 Bell Telephone invention / company
1877 National Rail-strike
1879 Edison Light invention / company
1881 Tuskegee Institute / Booker T. Washington
1886 Anarchist Haymarket bombing (Chicago anarchism) & American Federation of Labor (AFL) Gompers, skilled workers
1887 '90 Sherman Anti-Trust Act - used against unions!
1889 Dark European immigration
Labor conditions – children, women, ethnic minorities
1892 Homestead strike – Carnegie Steel (Frick & Pinkerton’s)
1893 Depression
1894 Pullman strike -Federal troops
1895 Booker T. Washington’s Atlanta Compromise speech
1896 Plessy v Fergusson
1898 Spanish-American War
1901 Morgan’s U.S. Steel
American Socialist Party
1903 Kitty Hawk
Women’s Trade Union League
1906-14 Ford Motor Company – moving assembly line.
San Francisco Earthquake
CAPTAINS OF INDUSTRY – OR – ROBBER-BARONS?
Borden Armour Vanderbilt Gould Getty Huntington
Stanford Carnegie Schwab Rockefeller F.W. Taylor Sears
Roebuck Edison Bell NCR(Burroughs?) Pullman
Morgan Westinghouse Mellon Goodyear DuPont
George Washington Carver Louis Latimer Nikola Tesla Hiram Maxim
MODULE #2 NOTES FOR 102
SOCIAL DARWINISM & MANIFEST DESTINY ABROAD:
An IMPERIALIST U.S?
OLD WORLD COLONIAL IMPERIALISM versus NEO-COLONIAL IMPERIALISM
1875 Pearl Harbor naval base
1893 Hawaii "Revolution" + (Liliuokalani)
1896 Klondike / Alaska gold rush
1898 Hawaiian annexation
Maine explodes
US war in Philippine Islands, Guam, Puerto Rico and Cuba (1898 -1922 Moro Wars)
1900 I Ho Chuan – Boxers & 55 days at Peking
1901 Aguinaldo captured by Funston, Moro wars continue
REACTIONS TO "AGE " OF EXPANSION
Grangers - Populists - Progressives - Socialists - Muckrakers
labor mediator - conservationist (old school)
- Pure Food & Drug Act
- Meat Inspection Act
- Nobel Prize (Russo-Japanese war)
- Forest Reserves
Interventionist – Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine (neo-colonialism)
Panama Canal.... "Big Stick"
Nicaragua / Panama
Mexico - Diaz - Madero - Huerta - Carranza/Obregon
vs. Zapata & Villa
1901 American Medical Association
American Bar Association model (1878)
1902 Big stick breaks Venezuelan blockade
Monroe Doctrine Corollary
1903 Russo / Japan war
Department of. Commerce + Labor - Minimum wage, Maximum work day
1904 Panama Canal
Ford - Standard Oil - US Steel
(Getty) (Morgan)
1905 Russo - Japanese War ended
Race & Eugenics
National Education Association
-Niagara Movement NAACP
'03 NAFAM Council + NA Colored
'08 Riot - Illinois
'09/ '10 NAACP
1906 Hepburn Rail Act
ICC FTC
Meat Inspection Act
1907 Recession - Pinchot / Roosevelt conservationist
Suffrage in the west (Wyoming 1869, Utah, Colorado, Idaho)
Margaret Sanger – birth control: a Women’s Rights issue?
Carrie Chapman Catt versus Alice Paul – Multiple concerns of Modern Feminism
NAWSA versus Congressional Union
NWP of Alice Paul
1909 William Howard Taft (until 1913)
Roll back Progressive reforms
Dollar Diplomacy
1910 Mann Act = Jack Johnson
BULLMOOSE PARTY
1913 Woodrow Wilson President - Southerner, political scientist/author, moralist
Victorian, Stalled suffrage, Pres. of Princeton, Gov. New Jersey, Pres. US 1912, Isolationist
1914 ABC Mediation
Tampico 1914
Franz Ferdinand assassinated by Serbian in Sarajevo, Bosnia
- US neutral
Hyphenated Americans divided - women / socialists
for peace + US neutrality
Trade and military build up
Entente - Empire of Great Britain – Empire of France – Russian Empire
Alliance - Austro-Hungarian Empire., Germany – Empire of Ottoman Turkey
1915 Press "Hun" stuff +
U Boat attacks Lusitania
Trench warfare
Technology of death
(MORAL WAR?)
1916 John J. (Black Jack) Pershing retaliates against ex - ally of US & Carranza,
Pancho Villa – For border clashes, Emiliano Zapata revolts.
1917 US recognizes Carranza government. + * Zimmerman note
Germany+ Mexico against US / War declared.
The Bolshevik Revolution – the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics USSR
The Soviet Union withdraws
1918 Allied Expeditionary Force (AEF) Forces reach "over-there" 8 mos. later war is over!
Beginnings of the first “Red Scare” fears of foreign radicals
A. Mitchell Palmer Raids* Sedition Act joins 1917 Espionage Act
SAMPLE PRACTICE ESSAY QUESTION
Theodore Roosevelt was one of the most popular American presidents of all time. He began the American Empire. George Walker Bush was one of the least popular presidents at the end of his term. He preserved and expanded the American Empire. Both men were separated by a century. Evaluate each in the context of their times. Here are some points of comparison:
ESSAY THESIS PRACTICE: COMPARATIVE POLITICAL FIGURES
Theodore Roosevelt George Walker Bush
Maine - Spanish American War 9/11 - Iraq/Afghanistan Wars
Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine Bush Doctrine on Terrorism
Colombia/Panama “intervention” War on Terrorism
Russo-Japanese War Patriot Act
Domestic Policy Economy
Labor
Popularity/Elections
Immigration
Environment
Foreign Policy Policy Acts
Deployments
Opinions/Positions
MIDTERM ESSAY PRACTICE – This is for your THESIS practice
DEVELOPING AN ANALYTIC THESIS FOR THE ALL IMPORTANT
1ST PARAGRAPH
Today, you are given a topic (above). It is an older topic from an earlier midterm. When you get the list of topics for the actual midterm, select ONLY ONE TOPIC. You must provide a tight analysis and a clear argument in the opening paragraph. Together these represent your thesis. Stay on track to give yourself time to complete a polished essay. Remember to copy the question.
Using the chart below as an informal guide, and using the sample question as topic, complete the sentences below:
Thesis Elements Your Sample Sentence
Topical sentence – In general, who,
what, when, where is the paper about?
Define thesis - Thesis sentence –
Specifically what will be analyzed, and
why is it important?
Working environment – Narrow down
the focus to the most essential aspects
of the topic that relate directly to the thesis.
Argument – methodology – What
analytic tools are being used? Comparison?
Contrast? Evaluation? Examination? What
set of criteria form the basis of judgment?
(theoretical orientation).
Depth - beginning and ending – Impose
limits that allow for a specific goal to be reached.
These limits may be of time, place, or level of
complexity.
Linking sentence – What is of first priority?
How will this paragraph state what the first
priority is, and smoothly connect to the next
paragraph?
MODULE #3 NOTES FOR 102
A “WAR-TO-END-ALL-WARS”,
CULTURAL PEAKS AND ECONOMIC VALLEYS,
And…A NEW WAR
FIRST: PARIS PEACE – A Chance to “Make War No More”
Wilson's character:
Moralistic + idealist
academic
inflexible - Unable to delegate
isolationist
Clemenceau
Lloyd - George
Orlando
1918 Kolchak + / Czech fiasco + 1917 rev. excludes USSR
14 Points (the ones relevant to us!):
open covenants + negotiation
International court
self - determination
ethnic national boundaries
free trade
free navigation
arms reduction
League of Nations -w/military clout
Polish borders
no punitive reparation
27 nations at VERSAILLES:
* colonial trustee-ship
De - militarize Germany
Land + $33 billion in reparations
Poland re - created
League of Nations – neutered (funding control, unanimous veto power)
The U.S. congress will not ratify it – constitutional war powers
* = Bosnia Mid east Palestine Africa Asia
War for Freedom?
a. the war "over there"
276 distinguished awards from 270th, 369th, 370th, 371st Croix de Guerre & Legion of Honor
b. Welcome Home - BLOODY SUMMER
1 .stoning of swimming boy-Chicago
2. 1917 riots in Houston - 13 dead
3. beatings
RED SCARE
Eugene V. Debs / Espionage Act
W.E.B. DuBois
Ho Chi Minh
Alice Paul
Margaret Sanger
Marcus Garvey
ROARING 20s:
WWI - background - International influences, Women at work, Race
LIBERAL “ROARING” ERA or CONSERVATIVE (REP) ERA
1920 Women’s Suffrage 19th 1919 prohibition 18th
(Blacks and Amerindians denied)
Speakeasies Republican Presidents
Sex, Drugs & ..Jazz? Harding + Coolidge + Hoover
Flappers Progressive reform rollback
Bohemian Influences Nativism & Immigrant Restriction Act 1924
Socialism / Labor Federal Bureau (later FBI / BATF)
Harlem Renaissance KKK
Langston Hughes
Richard Wright Organized Crime
Zora Neale Hurston
Jazz
Most blacks Republicans.
Planes, Trains, & Automobiles
RCA – Radio and Advertising
Common Stock Market – Trusts (Concentrations, combinations, mal-distributions of Wealth begin)
Modern Corporations begin
Garvey UNIA -Du Bois, Douglas, Scopes Trial – Bryan / Washington, Woodson
A. P. Randolph
Harlem Renaissance - Micheaux, Nativism - Klan
Hughes, Hurston, Gwen Brooks, Augusta Savage, Jean Toomer, Paul Robeson, Josephine Baker, Carter G. Woodson, (Pulitzer) R. Wright
“Shadow Ball”
Satchel Paige, Rube Foster, Cool Papa Bell
Jack Johnson
Financial excess - Poor stock controls +
progressive demise
Immigrant restriction act
Bohemian Craze - Paris – ex-patriotism
Josephine Baker
Hitler.......................................Hitler
GREAT DEPRESSION / PRE-INTRO WW II
Stock Market – Trusts (no one)
“over-specialized - over-speculation - overextended
Mal-distributions of Wealth
1929, OCT. 29 CRASH - Hoover unable to cope/ Hoover-villes
severe droughts in the Midwest
Tariffs
25 million unemployed - Bonus Army
Pershing, Patton, Eisenhower
1932 FDR elected - 1st New Deal - Guarantor State
Eleanor Roosevelt - Human Rights
Informal cabinet
John Maynard Keynes – Political economy of interventionism
1933 Bank Hlday/EBA - SA - AAA - FERA - TVA - NIRA - CWA - CCC
SEC HOLA PWA
FDIC NRA
Prohibition repealed
1935 2ND NEW DEAL- SCDAA - FSA - SSA - REA - NLRA(B) - WPA
Populists - Huey P. Long (Louisiana-eat the rich)
Fr. F. Coughlin (Detroit- Minimum wage / Nazi / anti Semite
Dr. F. Townsend. (elderly-social sec.)
1935 Great "Okie" migrations
Chas. Houston
1939 Hitler invades Poland - business picks up.
Roosevelt runs on isolationist stance
1941 Pearl Harbor - War Mobilization and economics
WORLD WAR II
1928 Hitler, the depression & politics in Europe
Japan on modernization of government & “Asia for Asians”.
American Eugenics -H.H. Laughlin, Al Priddy, pros Strode, def Whitehead, O. W. Holmes -'05 thru '72 70thou sterilized -upheld by Virginia constitution in 1927
1931 Japan in Korea & Manchuria
1933 Hitler in power -Heisenberg Nobel Prize (Einstein / Bohr)
Bomb theoretically possible
Ethnic Cleansing...."Work" Camps
1935 Italy invades Ethiopia -U.S. Neutrality acts
Jews emigrate with stories of disappearances & bomb...
Joe Louis vs. Carnera (‘36, Max Schmeling).
1937 Japan enters China -Mao Tse Tung / Chiang Kai Shek
RAPE of Nanking
1938 Germany annexes Austria (Anschlus etc.)
Aushwitz, Birkanow...4700 a day killed
1939 Czechoslovakia -Nazi/Soviet pact -Poland
Belgium/France -Dunkirk 338,000 evacuated
1939 Hitler invades Poland - business picks up.
Roosevelt runs on isolationist stance
1940 Axis formed –Roosevelt’s 3rd term -London bombed
1941 Lend-Lease Atlantic Charter – Barbarossa, Hitler invades USSR
Pearl Harbor - Dolittle raid
A. Phillip Randolph on Washington
Manhattan project funding & Klaus Fuchs (known in 1950)
1942 Japanese interred ex. order 9066 -Manhattan Project
Coral Sea, Midway end Japans offensive -
North Africa – Kassarine pass, El Alamein
Stalingrad
Ex. order 8802 military/fed discrimination -CORE starts
"over...paid, fed, sexed, & here"
1943 Casablanca
Soviet victory at Stalingrad (Paulus) -N. Africa victories
Zoot suits -50 city race riots peak -Italy invaded
Teheran conference
1944 Operation Overlord/D-Day -Paris liberated -Roosevelt 4th presidency
1945 Yalta -Mao defeats Chiang
Roosevelt dies – Harry S. Truman steps in
German surrender
Potsdam - Going on while A bomb is tested
Iwo Jima, Okinawa, Stalin in China
Hitler commits suicide as the Soviets capture Berlin, ending the war in Europe.
The U.S. drops two atomic bombs on Japan, ending the war in the Pacific
DISCUSSION OPTIONS:
Compare Adolf Hitler and the rise of the Nazi party with Japan and the United States efforts to get out of the Depression
Could World War II have been avoided?
Hiroshima & Nagasaki: Why were the bombs dropped – could they have been avoided?
MODULE #4 NOTES FOR 102
COLD WAR -spies, proxies, Red Scares & domino fears
versus
CIVIL RIGHTS –freedom, dignity & justice
a. Veterans coming home
1. United Nations / Universal Declaration of Human Rights
2. Unequal prosperity
3. The GI Bill
4. The welfare issue
5. White Flight & suburban/urban shift
6. Media image -June Cleaver?? Aunt Jemima???
b. The RED SCARE, Joseph McCarthy America
1. HUAC
2. Blacks and Socialism/Communism
1947 Truman Doctrine begun & Marshall Plan announced
Jackie Robinson & Branch Rickey
1948 Berlin Blockade
-Israel created by United Nations & Ralph Bunche
Hagana – Palmat - Moussad
1949 NATO -Alger Hiss -China -Soviet Bomb - The Rosenbergs (Whitaker Chambers)
1950 Korea -McCarthy & Nixon (Hiss convicted) (Klaus Fuchs outed)
1951 Cuba – A Revolution begins
1952 U.S. out of Japan - Korean Armistice
Malcolm X begins his ministry in the NOI
1954 Brown V Board of Ed, Topeka Kansas.
Houston & Constance Baker Motley, & Thurgood Marshall (Morris Dees)
Dien Bien Phu – French out, U.S. in Vietnam
1955 Warsaw Pact
Emmet Till
E.D. Nixon, A.P. Randolph & Rosa Parks & Martin Luther King in Montgomery –SCLC (1955)
1. Gandhi
2. Media as tool of the masses <Egypt & the “Arab Spring”>
3. Direct action through non-violent passive organized resistance
4. The impact of "by any means necessary" –Malcolm X
1956 Suez Crisis
-SCLC -Little Rock 9 Terry Roberts
1957 Sputnik
Littlerock-Terry Roberts
Baby Boom Peak
1959 Castro, & CUBA
-Malcolm X – NOI principle spokesman
1960 John F. Kennedy elected
-U2
-the Pill
-OPEC
Viet Nam -Special Forces
SNCC – Ella Baker & (Student) Youth Leadership Conference
1961 Greece
-Berlin Wall
-Bay of Pigs
Mercury
CORE – Freedom Riders begin
-SNCC - Stokely Carmichael aka Kwame Toure
1962 Cuban Missile Crisis
Dolores Huerta-Cesar Chavez/UFWA
1963 Diem assassinated
-King in Washington
-160,000 advisers in 'Nam
Kennedy assassinated
1964 Lyndon B. Johnson (1963-69)
Great Society/War on Poverty -Civil Rights Acts: ’64, ’65, ‘68
Mississippi Burning: Schwerner, Chaney & Goodman – “Freedom Summer” martyrs
Tonkin incident / Resolution
Berkeley - Free Speech
Escobedo
Malcolm on Haj - OAAU
1965 Malcolm X assassinated by?
-Watts -Selma
Immigration Act
Miranda
1966 Black Panther Party for Self Defense - Itsabouttimebpp.com
FREE HUEY"
1967 127 cities riot -civil rights & anti-war
Gay Rights - ERA drive
1968 King assassinated
- Kennedy assassinated
168 cities riot
-Nixon: Peace with Honor, The Southern Strategy & a “Return to Normalcy”
Nixon & Hoover – COINTELPRO
Panthers in Sacramento
a. Fred Hampton, Angela Davis, & George Jackson
Democratic National Convention – Chicago “Riots” sponsored by police
Viet Nam through the Tet offensive -My Lai
MODULE #5 NOTES FOR 102
ARE WE ROME? How did the U.S. become the Sole Super Power in the 21st Century?
1969 Woodstock
-Alcatraz
-Cambodia
“Vietnamization” troop withdrawals
Stonewall GLBT revolution
Manson Family
Henry Kissinger & Realpolitik (pragmatic power politics w/out moralizing) -Detente
1970 Kent State 4 killed in Ohio
-EPA/earth day
Indian Self-determination & Cultural Assistance Act begins
1971 26th Amend. 18 year old voters
Pentagon Papers / New York Times
Daniel Ellsberg – former Pentagon aide – leaks illegal Vietnam War secrets
WATERGATE
1972 CREEP-dirty tricks
Watergate break-in, Jim McCord
John Mitchell (Atty Gen)
Halderman-Ehrlicman-Dean-Hunt-Liddy
-Woodward & Bernstein (Wash. POST)
Deep Throat: former FBI deputy director William Mark Felt
-China -Soviet Union = SALT 1 (Kissinger)
-ERA initiated (failed '92)
1973 Watergate hearings - "Max" J. Sirica - Sam Ervin
Eliot Richardson replaces Mitchell
Agnew Resigns
Vietnam Treaty – Paris Peace Accords
Wounded Knee -
Roe v. Wade -
War Powers Act-60 day limit presidential action
Yom Kippur War
OPEC embargo
- Allende assassinated
-Archibald Cox Special Prosecutor Watergate
1974 Cox fired
Leon Jaworski – 18.5 min. of tape erased – transcripts “redacted”
Nixon resigns
Nixon Pardoned
1975 Vietnam falls to self-determination (Kissinger & Le Du Tho get Nobel Prize)
North Vietnam conquers the South - War with Cambodia
Indian Self-determination & Cultural Assistance Act passed
FORD (1974 - 77)
Pardon of Richard Nixon
Economic woes
Salt I (Continues)
Helsinki accords with USSR aim at end of the Cold War and increased Human Rights
CARTER (1977- 81)
Environment -solar panels
Love Canal "Superfund"
OPEC - energy crisis & economic pit -Stagflation
Camp David accords & Nobel Prize (Israel / Egypt)
Salt II (round 2)
Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan (1979)
Shah of Iran & the Ayatollah
Mt. St. Helens
Three Mile Island
REAGAN (1981-89)
Return of the "Cold Warrior"
Iranian Hostages
Star Wars
"Reaganomics" - Tax advantages for the wealthy: does it "trickle-down?"
De-regulation
Iran - Contra scandal ("86) - A Student's Summary Video
Mikhail Gorbachev
-Glasnost - openness & transparency in USSR
-Perestroika - restructuring Soviet political economy
Fall of the Berlin Wall = The end of the Cold War...?
G. H. W. BUSH (1989-93)
CIA connections (1976-77)
Fall of the Soviet Union = The end of the Cold War...?
Panama
Persian Gulf War - a storm in the desert (Kuwait)
CLINTON G. W. BUSH OBAMA
Final Discussion: What is the role of the United States as the sole "super-power" in the 21st Century?
China?
India?
1865 United States
3 interrelated phenomena are occurring:
RECONSTRUCTION *WESTWARD EXPANSION *URBAN INDUSTRIALIZATION
Post-war conditions Native Americans.. Migrations..
Homestead Acts.. Big Business.
Transcontinental Railroads..
First: Reconstruction
GOALS: Re-admit former Confederate states
Re-Build
New Social Services for nearly 5 million freed African Americans
Republican Power
4 Plans:
#1 Lincoln - Emancipation Proclamation, 13th Amend. & + 10% adult white males. Ironclad Oath (future).
#2 Wade-Davis - majority white males - 50%+ Ironclad Oath (never rebelled).
Apr.14 1865 - 1st Presidential assassination
#3 Johnson / presidential - x-Confederates back in with Personal Oath
#4 Radical / Congressional fight with Johnson produces Radical Republican Plan.
KEY ELEMENTS OF RECONSTRUCTION:
Congressional Radicals like Thaddeus Stevens / Charles Sumner –
- 13th Amendment – abolishes slavery
- 14th Amendment – determines citizenship: Blacks, Confederates, Natives American
- 15th Amendment – male suffrage
- Freedman’s Bureau '65-72: Federal civil rights for Blacks
1865 -South begins to "rise again"
Economic control = Black Codes, vagrancy
Political control = literacy, poll tax & grandfather clause
Social control = Jim Crow, KKK
1865 -Northern (Republican) response
Black People = families, church’s, organizations & associations, Schools, and Exodus
Reparations? (40 acres and a mule?)
Carpetbaggers & scalawags
*Industrial Revolution / Northern jobs.
*Meanwhile, Out West.
...Sioux, Cheyenne – Buffalo Soldiers, John Henry -Railroads & Gold!.
1866 May election-day race riots Memphis (Ida B. Wells-Barnett), New Orleans etc.
1867 Lincoln - Johnson governments vetoed by congress
Johnson’s impeachment - House does, senate acquits
Grants election '68
1867 Radical Recon. = Land confiscated & redistributed
Universal male suffrage
Political reorganization
Education
Wage Job Equal.
1868 Grant elected
Scandals, Credit Moblier, Whiskey Ring,
Ku Klux Klan,
Carpet bags, Scalawags,
Amnesty '72, Depression '73,
1870 Force (Enforcement) Acts = 5 Military districts
KKK Act
Crop lien system / Sharecropping
Black Codes into Jim Crow (1896 Plessy versus Ferguson)
Red Cloud at Fort Laramie
1876 -R.B. Hayes election - Custer
1877 Compromise – ends Reconstruction
Post--Reconstruction Civil Rights Advocacy
Douglass, Wells, Washington,
Du Bois, Carver, Carter Woodson
9th & 10th cav. = Buffalo soldiers
24th & 25th Infantry
1865-77 -the Black experience
Family
Church
Education
Southern Socio-economics
NATIVE AMERICANS
1848 Sutter’s Fort (mill) gold discovery & California Indians
1859 Colorado gold
1862 Homestead Acts + May 5 Mexico defeats France
1864 Sand Creek 150 Cheyenne (Colorado) massacred
1865 Sioux Wars -Appomattox, Custer & Ely S. Parker (Indian Commissioner)
1866 Long drives
1867 Indian Territory established.
1868 Grant elected – Sherman / Sheridan (Custer)
Fort Laramie / Red Cloud Treaty ('68 thru '74 Custer intrusion)
1869 Railroad completed
1873 Barbed wire and silver in Nevada
1874 Black hills gold
1875 Sioux Wars resume after “Thieves’ Road” violations
1876 Little Big Horn
Terry Gibbon, Crook
Custer 212 men versus 2000+ Sioux Cheyenne Braves
Reno, Benteen
Attack 3 mi. village
Crow King -Crazy Horse -Sitting Bull
Geronimo begins -Apache Saga (Mexico, Mangas Coloradas, Cochise)
1886 Geronimo captured
1887 Dawes Severalty Act
1889 Oklahoma Land Rush - Indian Territory opened to whites
Wovoka Ghost Dance movement begins
1890 Wounded Knee
Big Foot & 200+ die at the hands of the 7th cav.
1906 Burke Act - Assimilation enhancement - CANCELLATION
OF LAND OWNERSHIP RIGHTS
URBAN INDUSTRY / BUSINESS
Mercantilism (tariffs) & “Free Enterprise”
Inventions / patents -36,000 pre 1860, 440,000 + 1860-90
Urban magnet - Ghettos & bosses - assimilation
Social Darwinism - Manifest Destiny - Gospel of Wealth 1901
Stocks & combines / monopoly: Horizontal & vertical integration.
Trust holding co.
1848 - 1851 I.M. Singer & co. Carnegie immigrates
1849 McCormick Reaper - International Harvester (1902)
1859 Pennsylvania Oil (Drake)
1860 Civil War sparks the close bond between business and government – the
future “Military-Industrial Complex”
1862 Homestead Act, Stone Act, Timber Act
1865 Reconstruction, Migration Gold / Silver
1866 National Labor Union & Trans Atlantic cable
1857 '64 open hearth steel making (Kelly/US-Bessemer/UK)
1869 Knights of Labor & Rockefellers Standard Oil ('82 Trust)
Black Friday market crash / depression
1872 Tweed - Tammany Hall Political machines
1873 Carnegie steel & Panic, depression end NLU, Molly Maguires.
1876 Bell Telephone invention / company
1877 National Rail-strike
1879 Edison Light invention / company
1881 Tuskegee Institute / Booker T. Washington
1886 Anarchist Haymarket bombing (Chicago anarchism) & American Federation of Labor (AFL) Gompers, skilled workers
1887 '90 Sherman Anti-Trust Act - used against unions!
1889 Dark European immigration
Labor conditions – children, women, ethnic minorities
1892 Homestead strike – Carnegie Steel (Frick & Pinkerton’s)
1893 Depression
1894 Pullman strike -Federal troops
1895 Booker T. Washington’s Atlanta Compromise speech
1896 Plessy v Fergusson
1898 Spanish-American War
1901 Morgan’s U.S. Steel
American Socialist Party
1903 Kitty Hawk
Women’s Trade Union League
1906-14 Ford Motor Company – moving assembly line.
San Francisco Earthquake
CAPTAINS OF INDUSTRY – OR – ROBBER-BARONS?
Borden Armour Vanderbilt Gould Getty Huntington
Stanford Carnegie Schwab Rockefeller F.W. Taylor Sears
Roebuck Edison Bell NCR(Burroughs?) Pullman
Morgan Westinghouse Mellon Goodyear DuPont
George Washington Carver Louis Latimer Nikola Tesla Hiram Maxim
MODULE #2 NOTES FOR 102
SOCIAL DARWINISM & MANIFEST DESTINY ABROAD:
An IMPERIALIST U.S?
OLD WORLD COLONIAL IMPERIALISM versus NEO-COLONIAL IMPERIALISM
1875 Pearl Harbor naval base
1893 Hawaii "Revolution" + (Liliuokalani)
1896 Klondike / Alaska gold rush
1898 Hawaiian annexation
Maine explodes
US war in Philippine Islands, Guam, Puerto Rico and Cuba (1898 -1922 Moro Wars)
1900 I Ho Chuan – Boxers & 55 days at Peking
1901 Aguinaldo captured by Funston, Moro wars continue
REACTIONS TO "AGE " OF EXPANSION
Grangers - Populists - Progressives - Socialists - Muckrakers
- 1873 Women’s Christ. Temp. Union Anthony – Stanton - Stone
- 1887 ICC regulates interstate commerce
- 1889 Jane Addams Hull (settlement) House
- 1892 John Muir - Sierra Club
- 1893 Depression
- 1898 US Anti-Imperialist league, Knight/ALF, American Socialist Party all anti war (Eugene V. Debs - IWW)
- 1900 Texas "Commission" style government
labor mediator - conservationist (old school)
- Pure Food & Drug Act
- Meat Inspection Act
- Nobel Prize (Russo-Japanese war)
- Forest Reserves
Interventionist – Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine (neo-colonialism)
Panama Canal.... "Big Stick"
Nicaragua / Panama
Mexico - Diaz - Madero - Huerta - Carranza/Obregon
vs. Zapata & Villa
1901 American Medical Association
American Bar Association model (1878)
1902 Big stick breaks Venezuelan blockade
Monroe Doctrine Corollary
1903 Russo / Japan war
Department of. Commerce + Labor - Minimum wage, Maximum work day
1904 Panama Canal
Ford - Standard Oil - US Steel
(Getty) (Morgan)
1905 Russo - Japanese War ended
Race & Eugenics
National Education Association
-Niagara Movement NAACP
'03 NAFAM Council + NA Colored
'08 Riot - Illinois
'09/ '10 NAACP
1906 Hepburn Rail Act
ICC FTC
Meat Inspection Act
1907 Recession - Pinchot / Roosevelt conservationist
Suffrage in the west (Wyoming 1869, Utah, Colorado, Idaho)
Margaret Sanger – birth control: a Women’s Rights issue?
Carrie Chapman Catt versus Alice Paul – Multiple concerns of Modern Feminism
NAWSA versus Congressional Union
NWP of Alice Paul
1909 William Howard Taft (until 1913)
Roll back Progressive reforms
Dollar Diplomacy
1910 Mann Act = Jack Johnson
BULLMOOSE PARTY
1913 Woodrow Wilson President - Southerner, political scientist/author, moralist
Victorian, Stalled suffrage, Pres. of Princeton, Gov. New Jersey, Pres. US 1912, Isolationist
1914 ABC Mediation
Tampico 1914
Franz Ferdinand assassinated by Serbian in Sarajevo, Bosnia
- US neutral
Hyphenated Americans divided - women / socialists
for peace + US neutrality
Trade and military build up
Entente - Empire of Great Britain – Empire of France – Russian Empire
Alliance - Austro-Hungarian Empire., Germany – Empire of Ottoman Turkey
1915 Press "Hun" stuff +
U Boat attacks Lusitania
Trench warfare
Technology of death
(MORAL WAR?)
1916 John J. (Black Jack) Pershing retaliates against ex - ally of US & Carranza,
Pancho Villa – For border clashes, Emiliano Zapata revolts.
1917 US recognizes Carranza government. + * Zimmerman note
Germany+ Mexico against US / War declared.
The Bolshevik Revolution – the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics USSR
The Soviet Union withdraws
1918 Allied Expeditionary Force (AEF) Forces reach "over-there" 8 mos. later war is over!
Beginnings of the first “Red Scare” fears of foreign radicals
A. Mitchell Palmer Raids* Sedition Act joins 1917 Espionage Act
SAMPLE PRACTICE ESSAY QUESTION
Theodore Roosevelt was one of the most popular American presidents of all time. He began the American Empire. George Walker Bush was one of the least popular presidents at the end of his term. He preserved and expanded the American Empire. Both men were separated by a century. Evaluate each in the context of their times. Here are some points of comparison:
ESSAY THESIS PRACTICE: COMPARATIVE POLITICAL FIGURES
Theodore Roosevelt George Walker Bush
Maine - Spanish American War 9/11 - Iraq/Afghanistan Wars
Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine Bush Doctrine on Terrorism
Colombia/Panama “intervention” War on Terrorism
Russo-Japanese War Patriot Act
Domestic Policy Economy
Labor
Popularity/Elections
Immigration
Environment
Foreign Policy Policy Acts
Deployments
Opinions/Positions
MIDTERM ESSAY PRACTICE – This is for your THESIS practice
DEVELOPING AN ANALYTIC THESIS FOR THE ALL IMPORTANT
1ST PARAGRAPH
Today, you are given a topic (above). It is an older topic from an earlier midterm. When you get the list of topics for the actual midterm, select ONLY ONE TOPIC. You must provide a tight analysis and a clear argument in the opening paragraph. Together these represent your thesis. Stay on track to give yourself time to complete a polished essay. Remember to copy the question.
Using the chart below as an informal guide, and using the sample question as topic, complete the sentences below:
Thesis Elements Your Sample Sentence
Topical sentence – In general, who,
what, when, where is the paper about?
Define thesis - Thesis sentence –
Specifically what will be analyzed, and
why is it important?
Working environment – Narrow down
the focus to the most essential aspects
of the topic that relate directly to the thesis.
Argument – methodology – What
analytic tools are being used? Comparison?
Contrast? Evaluation? Examination? What
set of criteria form the basis of judgment?
(theoretical orientation).
Depth - beginning and ending – Impose
limits that allow for a specific goal to be reached.
These limits may be of time, place, or level of
complexity.
Linking sentence – What is of first priority?
How will this paragraph state what the first
priority is, and smoothly connect to the next
paragraph?
MODULE #3 NOTES FOR 102
A “WAR-TO-END-ALL-WARS”,
CULTURAL PEAKS AND ECONOMIC VALLEYS,
And…A NEW WAR
FIRST: PARIS PEACE – A Chance to “Make War No More”
Wilson's character:
Moralistic + idealist
academic
inflexible - Unable to delegate
isolationist
Clemenceau
Lloyd - George
Orlando
1918 Kolchak + / Czech fiasco + 1917 rev. excludes USSR
14 Points (the ones relevant to us!):
open covenants + negotiation
International court
self - determination
ethnic national boundaries
free trade
free navigation
arms reduction
League of Nations -w/military clout
Polish borders
no punitive reparation
27 nations at VERSAILLES:
* colonial trustee-ship
De - militarize Germany
Land + $33 billion in reparations
Poland re - created
League of Nations – neutered (funding control, unanimous veto power)
The U.S. congress will not ratify it – constitutional war powers
* = Bosnia Mid east Palestine Africa Asia
War for Freedom?
a. the war "over there"
276 distinguished awards from 270th, 369th, 370th, 371st Croix de Guerre & Legion of Honor
b. Welcome Home - BLOODY SUMMER
1 .stoning of swimming boy-Chicago
2. 1917 riots in Houston - 13 dead
3. beatings
RED SCARE
Eugene V. Debs / Espionage Act
W.E.B. DuBois
Ho Chi Minh
Alice Paul
Margaret Sanger
Marcus Garvey
ROARING 20s:
WWI - background - International influences, Women at work, Race
LIBERAL “ROARING” ERA or CONSERVATIVE (REP) ERA
1920 Women’s Suffrage 19th 1919 prohibition 18th
(Blacks and Amerindians denied)
Speakeasies Republican Presidents
Sex, Drugs & ..Jazz? Harding + Coolidge + Hoover
Flappers Progressive reform rollback
Bohemian Influences Nativism & Immigrant Restriction Act 1924
Socialism / Labor Federal Bureau (later FBI / BATF)
Harlem Renaissance KKK
Langston Hughes
Richard Wright Organized Crime
Zora Neale Hurston
Jazz
Most blacks Republicans.
Planes, Trains, & Automobiles
RCA – Radio and Advertising
Common Stock Market – Trusts (Concentrations, combinations, mal-distributions of Wealth begin)
Modern Corporations begin
Garvey UNIA -Du Bois, Douglas, Scopes Trial – Bryan / Washington, Woodson
A. P. Randolph
Harlem Renaissance - Micheaux, Nativism - Klan
Hughes, Hurston, Gwen Brooks, Augusta Savage, Jean Toomer, Paul Robeson, Josephine Baker, Carter G. Woodson, (Pulitzer) R. Wright
“Shadow Ball”
Satchel Paige, Rube Foster, Cool Papa Bell
Jack Johnson
Financial excess - Poor stock controls +
progressive demise
Immigrant restriction act
Bohemian Craze - Paris – ex-patriotism
Josephine Baker
Hitler.......................................Hitler
GREAT DEPRESSION / PRE-INTRO WW II
Stock Market – Trusts (no one)
“over-specialized - over-speculation - overextended
Mal-distributions of Wealth
1929, OCT. 29 CRASH - Hoover unable to cope/ Hoover-villes
severe droughts in the Midwest
Tariffs
25 million unemployed - Bonus Army
Pershing, Patton, Eisenhower
1932 FDR elected - 1st New Deal - Guarantor State
Eleanor Roosevelt - Human Rights
Informal cabinet
John Maynard Keynes – Political economy of interventionism
1933 Bank Hlday/EBA - SA - AAA - FERA - TVA - NIRA - CWA - CCC
SEC HOLA PWA
FDIC NRA
Prohibition repealed
1935 2ND NEW DEAL- SCDAA - FSA - SSA - REA - NLRA(B) - WPA
Populists - Huey P. Long (Louisiana-eat the rich)
Fr. F. Coughlin (Detroit- Minimum wage / Nazi / anti Semite
Dr. F. Townsend. (elderly-social sec.)
1935 Great "Okie" migrations
Chas. Houston
1939 Hitler invades Poland - business picks up.
Roosevelt runs on isolationist stance
1941 Pearl Harbor - War Mobilization and economics
WORLD WAR II
1928 Hitler, the depression & politics in Europe
Japan on modernization of government & “Asia for Asians”.
American Eugenics -H.H. Laughlin, Al Priddy, pros Strode, def Whitehead, O. W. Holmes -'05 thru '72 70thou sterilized -upheld by Virginia constitution in 1927
1931 Japan in Korea & Manchuria
1933 Hitler in power -Heisenberg Nobel Prize (Einstein / Bohr)
Bomb theoretically possible
Ethnic Cleansing...."Work" Camps
1935 Italy invades Ethiopia -U.S. Neutrality acts
Jews emigrate with stories of disappearances & bomb...
Joe Louis vs. Carnera (‘36, Max Schmeling).
1937 Japan enters China -Mao Tse Tung / Chiang Kai Shek
RAPE of Nanking
1938 Germany annexes Austria (Anschlus etc.)
Aushwitz, Birkanow...4700 a day killed
1939 Czechoslovakia -Nazi/Soviet pact -Poland
Belgium/France -Dunkirk 338,000 evacuated
1939 Hitler invades Poland - business picks up.
Roosevelt runs on isolationist stance
1940 Axis formed –Roosevelt’s 3rd term -London bombed
1941 Lend-Lease Atlantic Charter – Barbarossa, Hitler invades USSR
Pearl Harbor - Dolittle raid
A. Phillip Randolph on Washington
Manhattan project funding & Klaus Fuchs (known in 1950)
1942 Japanese interred ex. order 9066 -Manhattan Project
Coral Sea, Midway end Japans offensive -
North Africa – Kassarine pass, El Alamein
Stalingrad
Ex. order 8802 military/fed discrimination -CORE starts
"over...paid, fed, sexed, & here"
1943 Casablanca
Soviet victory at Stalingrad (Paulus) -N. Africa victories
Zoot suits -50 city race riots peak -Italy invaded
Teheran conference
1944 Operation Overlord/D-Day -Paris liberated -Roosevelt 4th presidency
1945 Yalta -Mao defeats Chiang
Roosevelt dies – Harry S. Truman steps in
German surrender
Potsdam - Going on while A bomb is tested
Iwo Jima, Okinawa, Stalin in China
Hitler commits suicide as the Soviets capture Berlin, ending the war in Europe.
The U.S. drops two atomic bombs on Japan, ending the war in the Pacific
DISCUSSION OPTIONS:
Compare Adolf Hitler and the rise of the Nazi party with Japan and the United States efforts to get out of the Depression
Could World War II have been avoided?
Hiroshima & Nagasaki: Why were the bombs dropped – could they have been avoided?
MODULE #4 NOTES FOR 102
COLD WAR -spies, proxies, Red Scares & domino fears
versus
CIVIL RIGHTS –freedom, dignity & justice
a. Veterans coming home
1. United Nations / Universal Declaration of Human Rights
2. Unequal prosperity
3. The GI Bill
4. The welfare issue
5. White Flight & suburban/urban shift
6. Media image -June Cleaver?? Aunt Jemima???
b. The RED SCARE, Joseph McCarthy America
1. HUAC
2. Blacks and Socialism/Communism
1947 Truman Doctrine begun & Marshall Plan announced
Jackie Robinson & Branch Rickey
1948 Berlin Blockade
-Israel created by United Nations & Ralph Bunche
Hagana – Palmat - Moussad
1949 NATO -Alger Hiss -China -Soviet Bomb - The Rosenbergs (Whitaker Chambers)
1950 Korea -McCarthy & Nixon (Hiss convicted) (Klaus Fuchs outed)
1951 Cuba – A Revolution begins
1952 U.S. out of Japan - Korean Armistice
Malcolm X begins his ministry in the NOI
1954 Brown V Board of Ed, Topeka Kansas.
Houston & Constance Baker Motley, & Thurgood Marshall (Morris Dees)
Dien Bien Phu – French out, U.S. in Vietnam
1955 Warsaw Pact
Emmet Till
E.D. Nixon, A.P. Randolph & Rosa Parks & Martin Luther King in Montgomery –SCLC (1955)
1. Gandhi
2. Media as tool of the masses <Egypt & the “Arab Spring”>
3. Direct action through non-violent passive organized resistance
4. The impact of "by any means necessary" –Malcolm X
1956 Suez Crisis
-SCLC -Little Rock 9 Terry Roberts
1957 Sputnik
Littlerock-Terry Roberts
Baby Boom Peak
1959 Castro, & CUBA
-Malcolm X – NOI principle spokesman
1960 John F. Kennedy elected
-U2
-the Pill
-OPEC
Viet Nam -Special Forces
SNCC – Ella Baker & (Student) Youth Leadership Conference
1961 Greece
-Berlin Wall
-Bay of Pigs
Mercury
CORE – Freedom Riders begin
-SNCC - Stokely Carmichael aka Kwame Toure
1962 Cuban Missile Crisis
Dolores Huerta-Cesar Chavez/UFWA
1963 Diem assassinated
-King in Washington
-160,000 advisers in 'Nam
Kennedy assassinated
1964 Lyndon B. Johnson (1963-69)
Great Society/War on Poverty -Civil Rights Acts: ’64, ’65, ‘68
Mississippi Burning: Schwerner, Chaney & Goodman – “Freedom Summer” martyrs
Tonkin incident / Resolution
Berkeley - Free Speech
Escobedo
Malcolm on Haj - OAAU
1965 Malcolm X assassinated by?
-Watts -Selma
Immigration Act
Miranda
1966 Black Panther Party for Self Defense - Itsabouttimebpp.com
FREE HUEY"
1967 127 cities riot -civil rights & anti-war
Gay Rights - ERA drive
1968 King assassinated
- Kennedy assassinated
168 cities riot
-Nixon: Peace with Honor, The Southern Strategy & a “Return to Normalcy”
Nixon & Hoover – COINTELPRO
Panthers in Sacramento
a. Fred Hampton, Angela Davis, & George Jackson
Democratic National Convention – Chicago “Riots” sponsored by police
Viet Nam through the Tet offensive -My Lai
MODULE #5 NOTES FOR 102
ARE WE ROME? How did the U.S. become the Sole Super Power in the 21st Century?
1969 Woodstock
-Alcatraz
-Cambodia
“Vietnamization” troop withdrawals
Stonewall GLBT revolution
Manson Family
Henry Kissinger & Realpolitik (pragmatic power politics w/out moralizing) -Detente
1970 Kent State 4 killed in Ohio
-EPA/earth day
Indian Self-determination & Cultural Assistance Act begins
1971 26th Amend. 18 year old voters
Pentagon Papers / New York Times
Daniel Ellsberg – former Pentagon aide – leaks illegal Vietnam War secrets
WATERGATE
1972 CREEP-dirty tricks
Watergate break-in, Jim McCord
John Mitchell (Atty Gen)
Halderman-Ehrlicman-Dean-Hunt-Liddy
-Woodward & Bernstein (Wash. POST)
Deep Throat: former FBI deputy director William Mark Felt
-China -Soviet Union = SALT 1 (Kissinger)
-ERA initiated (failed '92)
1973 Watergate hearings - "Max" J. Sirica - Sam Ervin
Eliot Richardson replaces Mitchell
Agnew Resigns
Vietnam Treaty – Paris Peace Accords
Wounded Knee -
Roe v. Wade -
War Powers Act-60 day limit presidential action
Yom Kippur War
OPEC embargo
- Allende assassinated
-Archibald Cox Special Prosecutor Watergate
1974 Cox fired
Leon Jaworski – 18.5 min. of tape erased – transcripts “redacted”
Nixon resigns
Nixon Pardoned
1975 Vietnam falls to self-determination (Kissinger & Le Du Tho get Nobel Prize)
North Vietnam conquers the South - War with Cambodia
Indian Self-determination & Cultural Assistance Act passed
FORD (1974 - 77)
Pardon of Richard Nixon
Economic woes
Salt I (Continues)
Helsinki accords with USSR aim at end of the Cold War and increased Human Rights
CARTER (1977- 81)
Environment -solar panels
Love Canal "Superfund"
OPEC - energy crisis & economic pit -Stagflation
Camp David accords & Nobel Prize (Israel / Egypt)
Salt II (round 2)
Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan (1979)
Shah of Iran & the Ayatollah
Mt. St. Helens
Three Mile Island
REAGAN (1981-89)
Return of the "Cold Warrior"
Iranian Hostages
Star Wars
"Reaganomics" - Tax advantages for the wealthy: does it "trickle-down?"
De-regulation
Iran - Contra scandal ("86) - A Student's Summary Video
Mikhail Gorbachev
-Glasnost - openness & transparency in USSR
-Perestroika - restructuring Soviet political economy
Fall of the Berlin Wall = The end of the Cold War...?
G. H. W. BUSH (1989-93)
CIA connections (1976-77)
Fall of the Soviet Union = The end of the Cold War...?
Panama
Persian Gulf War - a storm in the desert (Kuwait)
CLINTON G. W. BUSH OBAMA
Final Discussion: What is the role of the United States as the sole "super-power" in the 21st Century?
China?
India?