MODULE #1 NOTES FOR 154
“AFRICAN GEOGRAPHIC”
AFRICA - Biologic cradle & Cultural cradle of humanity (& Beer)
1. spread of Homo sapiens -radiation v independent dev.
2. Twa, Kung, Nilotic, Cushite / Nubia, Bantu, Bantu/Swahili, Ngoni/Zulu
3. from family to tribe to nation...black character, culture & traditional religion.
A. the equal role of women
B. "a village to raise a child"
C Black manhood - mind, wisdom, courage "a stone in the belly"
Maps, Notes, Pictures
Ancient Sahara -
Kemet, Meroe, Nubia
Kumbi Saleh, Mali, Songhai
RIVERS - Nile - Congo - Niger
1. Egypt (Khemet)
A. savanna, jungle, desert transition ecosystems
2. Kush (Sudan)
A. Piankhi & Taharqa (727 BC – 25TH Dynasty)
3. African Egyptian trade - rice, grain, salt & pepper, gold, palm oil, dates, cotton, hides, ivory, slaves - from Alexander &Hannibal & Caesar
4. Biblical Africa
A. Eden?
B. Ankenaten & monotheism
C. Egypt & Moses
5. Ghana (Kumbi Saleh-ca 1AD) trans-sahara trade
6. Mali (1235) matrilineal
A. Sundiata Keita (1240) consolidated Mali & absorbed Ghana
B. Abubakhari (1300)
C. Mansa & Timbuktu (1312)
1. Hajj (1324)
7. Songhay
A. Sonni Ali (1464-92) riverine naval power
B. Askia Muhammad the Great (1493) <Columbus>
C. Sankore, Timbuktu & multi-ethnic U. of Akmed Baba
8.1591 - Morocco
Ashanti, Ibo, Wolof
9. Gabu / Mandingo (mandinka)
A. frontier autonomy, factories and Asiento
Early Colonial African Civilizations of the west and central areas
a. Islam 610 - Spain 711, Ghana 800, Bornu 1036, Almoravids of 1076, Constantinople 1421, Songhay 1490s.
1. trade culture & restrictions
2. Hausa & Kanem-Bornu
Islam & Ifa
EARLY SLAVERY IN THE AMERICAS
African Slaves in Cape Verde / Canaries - Tordesillas 1494
Pedro Alonzo Nino (over 50% from 1500- 1800 were Africans)
Native American Slavery
50-90% Disease - slavery - floral + faunal extinctions 500 Nations, 12 to 25 million.
a. Columbus and De Las Casas
b. Diego Velasquez de Cuellar – sugar, coffee and tobacco - African Slaves
c. Cortes and La Malinche (1521)
1. Terrorism
2. Cultural Genocide
3. Latifundia & Encomienda
4. color coded society - Racism
e. Ponce De Leon (1565)
1. St. Augustine / Ft Mose
f. a slaves view of the slave markets in Africa
1. Oladuah Equiano
Afro-Caribbean Maroons & Boucan-neers
1619 First recorded enslaved Africans in Jamestown
Middle passage and early slave culture (movie "DIGGING")
1622 - 1646 Powhatan War in Virginia,
1675-76 King Phillips War (Metacomet)
Indentured Servitude + institutionalized slavery
people, land (treatment) anti-literacy in view of religion., polit., econ., technology., freedoms
1676 - Bacons Rebellion - Piedmont vs. Tidewater Jamestown, Va.
1 - Legitimacy of Popular revolt - early sectionalism
2 - shows a shift to slaves and away from indenturement.
3 - Indian War - divide & conquer
4 - Mother laws
5 - anti-miscegenation laws - color coded class - the invention of Racism in North America
1688-9 - Glorious Revolution & right to revolt (King James of England is overthrown)
1690 - Locke -Social hierarchy, elites & middle passage
Economic developments = Eng. superiority + political. overlap
REBELLION!
MODULE #2 NOTES FOR 154
BORDERLANDS CULTURE
PLANTATION CULTURE - SANKOFA
The Case for Willie Lynch
Great Awakening Enlightenment vs. Fundamentalism, 1730's evangelism
1739 STONO Rebellion in South Carolina
Negro Act of 1740
1753 Phyllis Wheatley poet.
Ben Franklin 1750's proposed a confederacy of assemblies
1754-63 French + Indian War (7 yrs.) War (9 yrs.) - stimulated desires for freedom
1763 Proclamation limits westward expansion
Maroons
Economic competition -New Jersey Ironworks
Guilds, Fraternities & protest
English Acts to regain War costs:
1770 Boston Massacre - (compares w/ N. Ireland & Israeli occupation of the West Bank).
1.Crispus Attucks
Colonial search for "American" philosophy sparks anti-slavery groups
1.Locke - "on civil gov." 1690
2.Biblical Old Testament tyrannical " Kings" taxation
1774 Intolerable Acts - isolating Massachusetts (Boston martial law) colonial boycotts follow + Papers, pamphlets, & "Sons of Liberty" & “PATRIOTS”
Sept. 1774 First Continental Congress begins to articulate widespread independent sentiments.
April 18, 1775 Boston - British march on Lexington / Concord
June 1775 Bunker Hill (Breeds Hill) inflict heavy damage on British and only slightly less. Gen. Washington given command
1. Peter Salem (kills Maj. Pitcairn)
2. Salem Poor
July 4, '76 Declaration of Independence?
http://www.ushistory.org/declaration/document/rough.htm
T. Jefferson had anti-slavery clause. Adams and Franklin concur
1777 (rat' 81) Articles of Confederation -
Executive Committee + President of Congress
No Taxation powers
No currency powers
No banking regulatory powers
No interstate trade / infrastructure powers
Jefferson wrote: "Gen. Ed. is to enable every man to judge for himself what will secure or endanger his freedom.”
Loyalists 20-30% whites & some blacks & Indians ( 76 + 82, 85 Zinn.)
Most continue to fight - MAROONS
1780 Jean Baptiste point Du Sable in "Eschikagou" The French and Indian connection
1787 A New Constitution:
http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_transcript.html
Abolish slavery + religious persecution?
Northwest Ordinance limits expansion of slavery
Constitutional Convention 1787 - signs constitution.
1.Elite composition & reasoning
2.Bill of Rights - chaos, instability and high hopes result in sectional/special interest compromise between political/economical elites argument over-centralization breeding tyranny or popular (mob) will - viewed as destabilizing
3 Great Compromise – 3/5ths - Slavery as America's first "protected" institution
1790 Washington president - Biggest slave holder in the Nation...
Industry & Invention -1793 cotton gin, 1807 steam boats, 1817
Erie Canal, 1830 railroads, 1834 McCormick , 1837 John Deere
1791 Begin shift from seeking peace to seeking removal of Native Americans so more Plantations can result
HAITI – begins a revolution against France
PRACTICE QUESTION: PRACTICE QUESTION: PRACTICE QUESTION: PRACTICE QUESTION: PRACTICE QUESTION: PRACTICE QUESTION:
PRACTICE QUESTION:
1) Analyze the impacts of the presence of Africans in the Americas. Pick one region – The colonial West Indies, New Spain, or colonial North America – and show in that area at least one political, one economical, and one cultural contribution that could be considered “indispensable” to development in that region. Support your argument.
MIDTERM ESSAY PRACTICE – This is for your THESIS practice
DEVELOPING AN ANALYTICAL THESIS FOR THE ALL IMPORTANT
1ST PARAGRAPH
Today, you are given a topic (above). It is an older topic from an earlier midterm. When you get the list of topics for the actual midterm, select ONLY ONE TOPIC. You must provide a tight analysis and a clear argument in the opening paragraph. Together these represent your thesis. Stay on track to give yourself time to complete a polished essay. Remember to copy the question.
Using the chart below as an informal guide, and using the sample question as topic, complete the sentences below:
Thesis Elements Your Sample Sentence
Topical sentence – In general, who,
what, when, where is the paper about?
Define thesis - Thesis sentence –
Specifically what will be analyzed, and
why is it important?
Working environment – Narrow down
the focus to the most essential aspects
of the topic that relate directly to the thesis.
Argument – methodology – What
analytic tools are being used? Comparison?
Contrast? Evaluation? Examination? What
set of criteria form the basis of judgment?
(theoretical orientation).
Depth - beginning and ending – Impose
limits that allow for a specific goal to be
reached. These limits may be of time,
place, or level of complexity.
Linking sentence – What is of first priority?
How will this paragraph state what the
first priority is, and smoothly connect to the n
ext paragraph?
MODULE #3 NOTES FOR 154
EXPANSION OF SLAVERY – JEFFERSON & JACKSON
1790 - "Widower" Thomas Jefferson as Envoy to Paris & Secretary of State - Sally Hemings and Jefferson's Blood
1795 Andrew Jackson - land speculator slaver 1795
1803 Louisiana Purchase ($15 million - Jefferson) doubles size
- HAITI
1804 – 6 Lewis & Clark & Sacajawea & York Slave
1808 International slave trade outlawed - Domestic trade thrives - prices increase
1812 War of 1812 / Tecumseh’s War (Tecumseh Harrison + Tippecanoe)
1. War over British impressments - Britain anti-slave trade
2. Slave states later add to Jackson’s future coalition- Louisiana, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Tennessee, Florida
3. War of 1812 and British competition
1813 "Red sticks" Creek Indian war - Georgia, Alabama, Miss.
"here we may rest"
1814 Horseshoe bend kills 800 using Creek allies then takes all land
1815 Veteran Peter Caulder settles Fort Smith Arkansas (until 1859 exclusion act)
1818 Seminole War = Runaway slaves = Florida Purchase 1819
Jackson becomes governor Florida Territory – Plantation slavery rises and Ft
Mose is abandoned – Africans begin Black Seminole tribe
1821 Mexico gains Independence from Spain
New Constitution - rise of frontier agrarian democracy (in U.S. & Mex.)
& charter "Impresario" slave plantations & ranchos
1824 Quincy wins House run-off Pres. -Jackson wins popular vote – the Southern Democrat is born
1828 Jacksons Regional & Sectional coalition victory
"Spoils system" of post rewards – Roger Taney
tariff, economically isolates south -Jackson president initiates "Indian removal"
70,000 + Native Americans and African Americans forcibly relocated
1829 Gold discovered on Creek land -Indian removal Act & Trail of Tears
1831 Chickasaws begin Trail of Tears
Nat Turner - 60 whites killed - crackdown results
1836 Alamo – The Texas Slave Republic
1838 John Ross, Sequoia -Cherokee Trail of Tears / Stand Watie
UTOPIANS
Abolition Mormons Jacksonians Manifest Destiny
Garrison Joseph Smith Crockett Texas / California
Douglass Brigham Young Houston / Impresarios Sutter / Gold rush
Truth / Feminists Utah War Alamo
Texas Republic California Republic
ABOLITIONIST MOVEMENT & Free Blacks? - "The American Dream"
1753 Phyllis Wheatley - poet.
1790 + MAROOONS
1791 Ben Banneker - Almanac, astronomy.
A. American colonization society -pro
B. Free African society -con
C. American anti-slavery soc
D. African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME)
1794 Absalom Jones (Deacon) and Richard Allen (AME)
1800 Free African Soc. (Jones & Allen)
E. Society of Friends (Quakers) - Levi Coffin (& John Fairfield), Benjamin Lundy (“Genius of Universal Emancipation”).
1820 Missouri Compromise - one slave for one free state - no slave states below 36/30
1820 Liberia “formed” by American Colonization Society to resettle Blacks to Africa.
1839 Garrison seized control of Am. anti - slavery soc.
W. L. Garrison active white abolition (Liberator, 1831)
Cinque / J. Q. Adams - Amistad Mutiny
1840's James Beckwourth - 1850 Beckwourth pass Reno
1844-5 Texas annexed by Tyler
-Slave state
1845 Frederick Douglass heads many authors (North Star)
1848 Lucretia Mott + Cady Stanton - Women's rights / temperance
Sojourner Truth & anti slavery link
Gold in California
Peace treaty with Mexico - new land imbalances Missouri Compromise
1849 Harriet Tubman -underground railroad
Quakers - Levi Coffin (& John Fairfield), Benjamin Lundy (“Genius of Universal Emancipation”).
1850 California Gold & Free Republic
Beckwourth pass Reno
California becomes a state + Compromise of 1850
Fugitive slave law - part of 1850 compromise
Beginning of Kansas-Nebraska
1852 Uncle Tom's Cabin -Stowe
1853 Solomon Northup made a slave 12 yrs.
1854 Kansas / Nebraska Act dissolves Miss. comp. 36-30
and ends old Whig/demo for new Republican. vs Democratic parties
1855 Bleeding Kansas - J. B. Hickok meets W. F.
Cody, John Brown
1857 Dred Scott -TANEY property laws, states rights, fed. Precedent
1858 Le Compton Constitution
pro slave Kansas (Congress rejects)
Buchanan weak pro-gradualism
Lincoln/ Douglas Debate (Douglas and rail speculation)
1859 John Brown
Harpers Ferry
Abolitionist support ( Douglass-Thoreau- Emerson )
1860 -Lincoln elected minority President
Dec. 20, 1860 S. Carolina secedes - address the character differences - Northern & Southern leadership....
1861 Apr 14 -Fort Sumter (1862 Homestead Act)
MODULE #4 NOTES FOR 154
Pre-Civil War Slave revolts:
American Colonization Movement & American Anti-Slavery Society
1. Gabriel Prosser (1800) Gabriel (Prosser) revolt in Richmond – ratted out by bondsmen. Gabriel
and 26 others hanged.
2. York – William Clark’s enslaved explorer
3. War of 1812
4. Paul Cuffee
5. 1822 Denmark Vesey (free black 1800) Charleston, So. Carolina Bastille Day plot to free
thousands of enslaved Blacks. Vesey -organizer of up to 9000 “ratted out” by Blacks currying
favor with Whites, 131 tried, 65 convicted, 35 hanged. 139 arrest., 47 death.
6. J. P. Beckwourth - Black Manifest Destiny
7. Nat Turner -1831 60 masters dead, 110 slaves. Turner & 16 blacks hanged.
8. Joseph Cinque -1839 Amistad mutiny, 1841 pres J.Q. Addams 8hr supreme court victory.
Cinque+ go to Sierra Leone.
9. Martin R. Delaney & David Walker
10. W. L. Garrison and Frederick Douglass
11. Henry Highland Garnet
12. Sojourner Truth and Stowe
13. Dred Scott -1857 Taney decision "prop. not citizen<human> & miss comp. void
14. Harriet Tubman / Underground Railroad
15. Bleeding Kansas -John Brown at Lawrence (sp?)
Brown & Harper's Ferry
America’s paradoxical (hypocritical) responses
A. 1787 Northwest Ordinance
B. 1808 U.S./ U.K. outlaws slave trade but piracy and smuggling increase
C. 1820 Mo. Comp.
D. 1820 Liberia / American Colonization Society
E 1850 Compromise. – Popular sovereignty / Fugitive Slave Law
F. 1854 Kansas / Nebraska. Act - Kansas/Nebraska Act also ends Miss. Compromise.
The Fugitive Slave Act = Slave catchers - John Brown at Potawatomie
G. Republican Party
CIVIL WAR
REPUBLICANS AMER. PARTY DEMOCRATS
"KNOW NOTHINGS"
free soil, labor, anti - immigration. pro- slavery +
men
1855 Bleeding Kansas - J. B. Hickok meets W. F. Cody, John Brown
1857 Panic
Dred Scott
1858 Le Compton Constitution
pro slave Kansas (Congress rejects)
Buchanan weak
Lincoln/ Douglas Debate (Douglas and rail
speculation)
1859 John Brown
Harpers Ferry
Abolitionist support ( Douglass-Thoreau-
Emerson )
1860 -Lincoln elected minority President
Dec. 20, 1860 S. Carolina secedes - address the character differences - Northern & Southern leadership....
defensive local offensive
Volunteer Conscription
State Units National Units
foreign aid self-supporting
leadership.....
THE CIVIL WARS MAJOR BATTLES
1861 April - Fort Sumter 12-14th Charleston, N. Carolina
Richmond vs Washington
June '61 1st Bull run CSA Victory (Manassas)
Monitor V Merrimac (Virginia):
March '62 Peninsula Campaign McClellan to Richmond
" 7 days " Lee wins - June and July
April '62 CSA Maryland Attack
Grant at Shiloh - Memphis
Sept. '62 Antietam - Union victory ends CSA " all of out attack"
Nov. ' 62 Grant - Memphis Siege / Vicksburg
1863 North reactionary - Conscription riots / lynching
BLACKS IN THE WAR
The 2 points of view on slavery as all important or peripheral
37,000 blacks die, .250 thousand serve
Draft Riots
March '63 French invade Mex. Max.
Britain goes to Egypt / India for cotton
July '63 Gettysburg Meade / 23,000 Lee, Pickett / 28,000
July 4th Vicksburg Grant / Fed. Victory
Massachusetts 54th Colored Regiment
FT. Wagner – Gould Shaw / William H. Carney – Medal of Honor
Aug. '63 Lawrence Kansas - Quantrill & the James'
'64 Grant takes over He and Sherman destroy south - total war
Atlanta - Sept.
1864 Ft. Pillow / Nathan Bedford Forrest 262+ Massacred
'64 Wilderness 180,000 -Spotsylvania 8000 -Cold Harbor 12,000 -Atlanta
'65 Petersburg & Richmond
Apr. 9th Appomattox -Custer -Ely S. Parker
Stand Watie v. John Ross
MODULE #5 NOTES FOR 154
1865 - 1900: United States Segregates
3 interrelated phenomena are occurring – and Black Americans are involved in each:
RECONSTRUCTION *WESTWARD EXPANSION *URBAN INDUSTRIALIZATION
Post-war conditions Native Americans.. Migrations..
Homestead Acts.. Big Business.
Transcontinental Railroads..
First: RECONSTRUCTION – The 4 GOALS of Reconstruction-
4 Plans:
#1 Lincoln - Emancipation Proclamation, 13th Amend. & + 10% adult white males. Ironclad Oath (future).
#2 Wade-Davis - majority white males - 50%+ Ironclad Oath (never rebelled).
Apr.14 1865 - 1st Presidential assassination
#3 Johnson / presidential - x-Confederates back in with Personal Oath
#4 Radical / Congressional fight with Johnson produces Radical Republican Plan.
KEY ELEMENTS OF CONGRESSIONAL (Radical) RECONSTRUCTION:
Congressional Radicals like Thaddeus Stevens / Charles Sumner –
13th Amendment – abolishes slavery
14th Amendment – determines citizenship: Blacks are citizens – while ex-Confederates & Natives Americans are not
15th Amendment – universal male suffrage
Freedman’s Bureau '65-72: Federal civil rights for Blacks
1865 -South begins to "rise again"
Economic control = Black Codes, vagrancy
Political control = literacy, poll tax & grandfather clause
Social control = Jim Crow, KKK
1865 -Northern (Republican) response
Black People = families, church’s, organizations & associations, Schools, and Exodus (“Exodusters”)
Tunis Campbell & Georgia
Reparations? (40 acres and a mule?)
Carpetbaggers & scalawags
*Industrial Revolution / Northern jobs.
*Meanwhile, Out West.
...Sioux, Cheyenne – Buffalo Soldiers, John Henry -Railroads & Gold!.
1866 May election-day race riots Memphis (Ida B. Wells-Barnett), New Orleans etc.
The rise of the Ku Klux Klan & others
Lynching begins
1867 Lincoln - Johnson governments vetoed by congress
Johnson’s impeachment - House does, senate acquits
Grants election '68
1867 Radical Recon. = Land confiscated & redistributed
Universal male suffrage
Political reorganization
Education
Wage Job Equal.
1868 Grant elected
Scandals, Credit Moblier, Whiskey Ring,
Ku Klux Klan,
Carpet bags, Scalawags,
Amnesty '72, Depression '73,
1870 Force (Enforcement) Acts = 5 Military districts
KKK Act
Crop lien system / Sharecropping
Southern, local Black Codes (eventually turn into National Jim Crow segregation laws by 1896 Plessy versus Ferguson)
1876 -R.B. Hayes election - Custer
1877 Compromise – ends Reconstruction – Hayes traded Southern support for African American’s rights
Post--Reconstruction Civil Rights Advocacy
Douglass, Wells, Washington,
Du Bois, Carver, Carter Woodson
9th & 10th cav. = Buffalo soldiers
24th & 25th Infantry
1865-77 -the Black experience
Family
Church
Education
Southern Socio-economics
NATIVE AMERICANS
1848 Sutter’s Fort (mill) gold discovery & California Indians, Blacks & Mexicans denied legal claims
1859 Colorado gold
1862 Homestead Acts
1864 James P. Beckwourth at Sand Creek – 150 Cheyenne (Colorado) massacred
1865 Sioux Wars – Buffalo Soldiers
1866 Long drives – Deadwood Dick
1867 Indian Territory established.
1868 Grant elected – Sherman / Sheridan (Custer)
Fort Laramie / Red Cloud Treaty ('68 thru '74 Custer intrusion)
1869 Black Americans help complete the first Transcontinental Railroad.
1873 Barbed wire and silver in Nevada
1874 Black hills gold
1875 Sioux Wars resume after “Thieves’ Road” violations
1876 Little Big Horn
Custer 212 men versus 2000+ Sioux Cheyenne Braves
9th & 10th Cavalry (Buffalo Soldiers) sent out
Geronimo begins -Apache Saga (Mexico, Mangas Coloradas, Cochise)
1886 Geronimo captured
1887 Dawes Severalty Act
1889 Oklahoma Land Rush - Indian Territory opened to whites
Jim Crow laws come to free Black Oklahoma
1890 Wounded Knee
Big Foot & 200+ die at the hands of the 7th cav.
1906 Burke Act - Assimilation enhancement - CANCELLATION OF LAND OWNERSHIP RIGHTS
URBAN INDUSTRY / BUSINESS
Mercantilism (tariffs) & “Free Enterprise”
Inventions / patents -36,000 pre 1860, 440,000 + 1860-90 Free African Americans invent new devices
and products.
Urban magnet - Ghettos & bosses - assimilation
Social Darwinism - Manifest Destiny - Gospel of Wealth 1901
Stocks & combines / monopoly: Horizontal & vertical integration.
Trust holding co.
1849 McCormick Reaper – (International Harvester 1902) makes cotton based slavery antique – but it persisted!
1860 Civil War sparks the close bond between business and government – the
future “Military-Industrial Complex”
1862 Homestead Act, Stone Act, Timber Act encourage some Black Americans to settle out West
1865 Reconstruction, Migration Gold / Silver
1866 National Labor Union & Black organized labor
1869 Knights of Labor
1872 Tweed - Tammany Hall Political machines
1873 Panic, depression end NLU, Molly Maguires.
1876 Bell Telephone invention / company & Louis Latimer
1877 National Rail-strike and its impact on African American labor
1879 Edison Light “invention” & Louis Latimer (again!)
1881 Tuskegee Institute / Booker T. Washington
1886 Anarchist Haymarket bombing (Chicago anarchism) & American Federation of Labor (AFL) Gompers, “skilled workers” – Blacks not allowed
1887 '90 Sherman Anti-Trust Act - used against unions!
1889 Dark European immigration
Labor conditions – children, women, ethnic minorities in urban settings
1892 Ida B. Wells in Memphis
1893 Depression
1895 Booker T. Washington’s Atlanta Compromise speech
1896 Plessy v Fergusson
1898 Spanish-American War
1899 W.E.B. Du Bois & the Philadelphia Negro
CULTIVATE AN IDENTITY OF (Black) POWER
SOCIAL POWER
IDENTITY CAPITAL
CULTURAL COMPETENCE
SOCIAL COMPETENCE
INTELLECTUAL ACTIVISM
SEEK JUSTICE
SEEK SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION
“AFRICAN GEOGRAPHIC”
AFRICA - Biologic cradle & Cultural cradle of humanity (& Beer)
1. spread of Homo sapiens -radiation v independent dev.
2. Twa, Kung, Nilotic, Cushite / Nubia, Bantu, Bantu/Swahili, Ngoni/Zulu
3. from family to tribe to nation...black character, culture & traditional religion.
A. the equal role of women
B. "a village to raise a child"
C Black manhood - mind, wisdom, courage "a stone in the belly"
Maps, Notes, Pictures
Ancient Sahara -
Kemet, Meroe, Nubia
Kumbi Saleh, Mali, Songhai
RIVERS - Nile - Congo - Niger
1. Egypt (Khemet)
A. savanna, jungle, desert transition ecosystems
2. Kush (Sudan)
A. Piankhi & Taharqa (727 BC – 25TH Dynasty)
3. African Egyptian trade - rice, grain, salt & pepper, gold, palm oil, dates, cotton, hides, ivory, slaves - from Alexander &Hannibal & Caesar
4. Biblical Africa
A. Eden?
B. Ankenaten & monotheism
C. Egypt & Moses
5. Ghana (Kumbi Saleh-ca 1AD) trans-sahara trade
6. Mali (1235) matrilineal
A. Sundiata Keita (1240) consolidated Mali & absorbed Ghana
B. Abubakhari (1300)
C. Mansa & Timbuktu (1312)
1. Hajj (1324)
7. Songhay
A. Sonni Ali (1464-92) riverine naval power
B. Askia Muhammad the Great (1493) <Columbus>
C. Sankore, Timbuktu & multi-ethnic U. of Akmed Baba
8.1591 - Morocco
Ashanti, Ibo, Wolof
9. Gabu / Mandingo (mandinka)
A. frontier autonomy, factories and Asiento
Early Colonial African Civilizations of the west and central areas
a. Islam 610 - Spain 711, Ghana 800, Bornu 1036, Almoravids of 1076, Constantinople 1421, Songhay 1490s.
1. trade culture & restrictions
2. Hausa & Kanem-Bornu
Islam & Ifa
EARLY SLAVERY IN THE AMERICAS
African Slaves in Cape Verde / Canaries - Tordesillas 1494
Pedro Alonzo Nino (over 50% from 1500- 1800 were Africans)
Native American Slavery
50-90% Disease - slavery - floral + faunal extinctions 500 Nations, 12 to 25 million.
a. Columbus and De Las Casas
b. Diego Velasquez de Cuellar – sugar, coffee and tobacco - African Slaves
c. Cortes and La Malinche (1521)
1. Terrorism
2. Cultural Genocide
3. Latifundia & Encomienda
4. color coded society - Racism
e. Ponce De Leon (1565)
1. St. Augustine / Ft Mose
f. a slaves view of the slave markets in Africa
1. Oladuah Equiano
Afro-Caribbean Maroons & Boucan-neers
1619 First recorded enslaved Africans in Jamestown
Middle passage and early slave culture (movie "DIGGING")
- John Smith, John Rolfe, Pocahontas
- Anthony the Negro
- 1619 Jamestown and agribusiness
1622 - 1646 Powhatan War in Virginia,
1675-76 King Phillips War (Metacomet)
Indentured Servitude + institutionalized slavery
people, land (treatment) anti-literacy in view of religion., polit., econ., technology., freedoms
1676 - Bacons Rebellion - Piedmont vs. Tidewater Jamestown, Va.
1 - Legitimacy of Popular revolt - early sectionalism
2 - shows a shift to slaves and away from indenturement.
3 - Indian War - divide & conquer
4 - Mother laws
5 - anti-miscegenation laws - color coded class - the invention of Racism in North America
1688-9 - Glorious Revolution & right to revolt (King James of England is overthrown)
1690 - Locke -Social hierarchy, elites & middle passage
Economic developments = Eng. superiority + political. overlap
REBELLION!
MODULE #2 NOTES FOR 154
BORDERLANDS CULTURE
PLANTATION CULTURE - SANKOFA
The Case for Willie Lynch
Great Awakening Enlightenment vs. Fundamentalism, 1730's evangelism
1739 STONO Rebellion in South Carolina
Negro Act of 1740
1753 Phyllis Wheatley poet.
Ben Franklin 1750's proposed a confederacy of assemblies
1754-63 French + Indian War (7 yrs.) War (9 yrs.) - stimulated desires for freedom
1763 Proclamation limits westward expansion
Maroons
Economic competition -New Jersey Ironworks
Guilds, Fraternities & protest
English Acts to regain War costs:
1770 Boston Massacre - (compares w/ N. Ireland & Israeli occupation of the West Bank).
1.Crispus Attucks
Colonial search for "American" philosophy sparks anti-slavery groups
1.Locke - "on civil gov." 1690
2.Biblical Old Testament tyrannical " Kings" taxation
1774 Intolerable Acts - isolating Massachusetts (Boston martial law) colonial boycotts follow + Papers, pamphlets, & "Sons of Liberty" & “PATRIOTS”
Sept. 1774 First Continental Congress begins to articulate widespread independent sentiments.
April 18, 1775 Boston - British march on Lexington / Concord
June 1775 Bunker Hill (Breeds Hill) inflict heavy damage on British and only slightly less. Gen. Washington given command
1. Peter Salem (kills Maj. Pitcairn)
2. Salem Poor
July 4, '76 Declaration of Independence?
http://www.ushistory.org/declaration/document/rough.htm
T. Jefferson had anti-slavery clause. Adams and Franklin concur
1777 (rat' 81) Articles of Confederation -
Executive Committee + President of Congress
No Taxation powers
No currency powers
No banking regulatory powers
No interstate trade / infrastructure powers
Jefferson wrote: "Gen. Ed. is to enable every man to judge for himself what will secure or endanger his freedom.”
Loyalists 20-30% whites & some blacks & Indians ( 76 + 82, 85 Zinn.)
Most continue to fight - MAROONS
1780 Jean Baptiste point Du Sable in "Eschikagou" The French and Indian connection
1787 A New Constitution:
http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_transcript.html
Abolish slavery + religious persecution?
Northwest Ordinance limits expansion of slavery
Constitutional Convention 1787 - signs constitution.
1.Elite composition & reasoning
2.Bill of Rights - chaos, instability and high hopes result in sectional/special interest compromise between political/economical elites argument over-centralization breeding tyranny or popular (mob) will - viewed as destabilizing
3 Great Compromise – 3/5ths - Slavery as America's first "protected" institution
1790 Washington president - Biggest slave holder in the Nation...
Industry & Invention -1793 cotton gin, 1807 steam boats, 1817
Erie Canal, 1830 railroads, 1834 McCormick , 1837 John Deere
1791 Begin shift from seeking peace to seeking removal of Native Americans so more Plantations can result
HAITI – begins a revolution against France
PRACTICE QUESTION: PRACTICE QUESTION: PRACTICE QUESTION: PRACTICE QUESTION: PRACTICE QUESTION: PRACTICE QUESTION:
PRACTICE QUESTION:
1) Analyze the impacts of the presence of Africans in the Americas. Pick one region – The colonial West Indies, New Spain, or colonial North America – and show in that area at least one political, one economical, and one cultural contribution that could be considered “indispensable” to development in that region. Support your argument.
MIDTERM ESSAY PRACTICE – This is for your THESIS practice
DEVELOPING AN ANALYTICAL THESIS FOR THE ALL IMPORTANT
1ST PARAGRAPH
Today, you are given a topic (above). It is an older topic from an earlier midterm. When you get the list of topics for the actual midterm, select ONLY ONE TOPIC. You must provide a tight analysis and a clear argument in the opening paragraph. Together these represent your thesis. Stay on track to give yourself time to complete a polished essay. Remember to copy the question.
Using the chart below as an informal guide, and using the sample question as topic, complete the sentences below:
Thesis Elements Your Sample Sentence
Topical sentence – In general, who,
what, when, where is the paper about?
Define thesis - Thesis sentence –
Specifically what will be analyzed, and
why is it important?
Working environment – Narrow down
the focus to the most essential aspects
of the topic that relate directly to the thesis.
Argument – methodology – What
analytic tools are being used? Comparison?
Contrast? Evaluation? Examination? What
set of criteria form the basis of judgment?
(theoretical orientation).
Depth - beginning and ending – Impose
limits that allow for a specific goal to be
reached. These limits may be of time,
place, or level of complexity.
Linking sentence – What is of first priority?
How will this paragraph state what the
first priority is, and smoothly connect to the n
ext paragraph?
MODULE #3 NOTES FOR 154
EXPANSION OF SLAVERY – JEFFERSON & JACKSON
1790 - "Widower" Thomas Jefferson as Envoy to Paris & Secretary of State - Sally Hemings and Jefferson's Blood
1795 Andrew Jackson - land speculator slaver 1795
1803 Louisiana Purchase ($15 million - Jefferson) doubles size
- HAITI
1804 – 6 Lewis & Clark & Sacajawea & York Slave
1808 International slave trade outlawed - Domestic trade thrives - prices increase
1812 War of 1812 / Tecumseh’s War (Tecumseh Harrison + Tippecanoe)
1. War over British impressments - Britain anti-slave trade
2. Slave states later add to Jackson’s future coalition- Louisiana, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Tennessee, Florida
3. War of 1812 and British competition
1813 "Red sticks" Creek Indian war - Georgia, Alabama, Miss.
"here we may rest"
1814 Horseshoe bend kills 800 using Creek allies then takes all land
1815 Veteran Peter Caulder settles Fort Smith Arkansas (until 1859 exclusion act)
1818 Seminole War = Runaway slaves = Florida Purchase 1819
Jackson becomes governor Florida Territory – Plantation slavery rises and Ft
Mose is abandoned – Africans begin Black Seminole tribe
1821 Mexico gains Independence from Spain
New Constitution - rise of frontier agrarian democracy (in U.S. & Mex.)
& charter "Impresario" slave plantations & ranchos
1824 Quincy wins House run-off Pres. -Jackson wins popular vote – the Southern Democrat is born
1828 Jacksons Regional & Sectional coalition victory
"Spoils system" of post rewards – Roger Taney
tariff, economically isolates south -Jackson president initiates "Indian removal"
70,000 + Native Americans and African Americans forcibly relocated
1829 Gold discovered on Creek land -Indian removal Act & Trail of Tears
1831 Chickasaws begin Trail of Tears
Nat Turner - 60 whites killed - crackdown results
1836 Alamo – The Texas Slave Republic
1838 John Ross, Sequoia -Cherokee Trail of Tears / Stand Watie
UTOPIANS
Abolition Mormons Jacksonians Manifest Destiny
Garrison Joseph Smith Crockett Texas / California
Douglass Brigham Young Houston / Impresarios Sutter / Gold rush
Truth / Feminists Utah War Alamo
Texas Republic California Republic
ABOLITIONIST MOVEMENT & Free Blacks? - "The American Dream"
1753 Phyllis Wheatley - poet.
1790 + MAROOONS
1791 Ben Banneker - Almanac, astronomy.
A. American colonization society -pro
B. Free African society -con
C. American anti-slavery soc
D. African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME)
1794 Absalom Jones (Deacon) and Richard Allen (AME)
1800 Free African Soc. (Jones & Allen)
E. Society of Friends (Quakers) - Levi Coffin (& John Fairfield), Benjamin Lundy (“Genius of Universal Emancipation”).
1820 Missouri Compromise - one slave for one free state - no slave states below 36/30
1820 Liberia “formed” by American Colonization Society to resettle Blacks to Africa.
1839 Garrison seized control of Am. anti - slavery soc.
W. L. Garrison active white abolition (Liberator, 1831)
Cinque / J. Q. Adams - Amistad Mutiny
1840's James Beckwourth - 1850 Beckwourth pass Reno
1844-5 Texas annexed by Tyler
-Slave state
1845 Frederick Douglass heads many authors (North Star)
1848 Lucretia Mott + Cady Stanton - Women's rights / temperance
Sojourner Truth & anti slavery link
Gold in California
Peace treaty with Mexico - new land imbalances Missouri Compromise
1849 Harriet Tubman -underground railroad
Quakers - Levi Coffin (& John Fairfield), Benjamin Lundy (“Genius of Universal Emancipation”).
1850 California Gold & Free Republic
Beckwourth pass Reno
California becomes a state + Compromise of 1850
Fugitive slave law - part of 1850 compromise
Beginning of Kansas-Nebraska
1852 Uncle Tom's Cabin -Stowe
1853 Solomon Northup made a slave 12 yrs.
1854 Kansas / Nebraska Act dissolves Miss. comp. 36-30
and ends old Whig/demo for new Republican. vs Democratic parties
1855 Bleeding Kansas - J. B. Hickok meets W. F.
Cody, John Brown
1857 Dred Scott -TANEY property laws, states rights, fed. Precedent
1858 Le Compton Constitution
pro slave Kansas (Congress rejects)
Buchanan weak pro-gradualism
Lincoln/ Douglas Debate (Douglas and rail speculation)
1859 John Brown
Harpers Ferry
Abolitionist support ( Douglass-Thoreau- Emerson )
1860 -Lincoln elected minority President
Dec. 20, 1860 S. Carolina secedes - address the character differences - Northern & Southern leadership....
1861 Apr 14 -Fort Sumter (1862 Homestead Act)
MODULE #4 NOTES FOR 154
Pre-Civil War Slave revolts:
American Colonization Movement & American Anti-Slavery Society
1. Gabriel Prosser (1800) Gabriel (Prosser) revolt in Richmond – ratted out by bondsmen. Gabriel
and 26 others hanged.
2. York – William Clark’s enslaved explorer
3. War of 1812
4. Paul Cuffee
5. 1822 Denmark Vesey (free black 1800) Charleston, So. Carolina Bastille Day plot to free
thousands of enslaved Blacks. Vesey -organizer of up to 9000 “ratted out” by Blacks currying
favor with Whites, 131 tried, 65 convicted, 35 hanged. 139 arrest., 47 death.
6. J. P. Beckwourth - Black Manifest Destiny
7. Nat Turner -1831 60 masters dead, 110 slaves. Turner & 16 blacks hanged.
8. Joseph Cinque -1839 Amistad mutiny, 1841 pres J.Q. Addams 8hr supreme court victory.
Cinque+ go to Sierra Leone.
9. Martin R. Delaney & David Walker
10. W. L. Garrison and Frederick Douglass
11. Henry Highland Garnet
12. Sojourner Truth and Stowe
13. Dred Scott -1857 Taney decision "prop. not citizen<human> & miss comp. void
14. Harriet Tubman / Underground Railroad
15. Bleeding Kansas -John Brown at Lawrence (sp?)
Brown & Harper's Ferry
America’s paradoxical (hypocritical) responses
A. 1787 Northwest Ordinance
B. 1808 U.S./ U.K. outlaws slave trade but piracy and smuggling increase
C. 1820 Mo. Comp.
D. 1820 Liberia / American Colonization Society
E 1850 Compromise. – Popular sovereignty / Fugitive Slave Law
F. 1854 Kansas / Nebraska. Act - Kansas/Nebraska Act also ends Miss. Compromise.
The Fugitive Slave Act = Slave catchers - John Brown at Potawatomie
G. Republican Party
CIVIL WAR
REPUBLICANS AMER. PARTY DEMOCRATS
"KNOW NOTHINGS"
free soil, labor, anti - immigration. pro- slavery +
men
1855 Bleeding Kansas - J. B. Hickok meets W. F. Cody, John Brown
1857 Panic
Dred Scott
1858 Le Compton Constitution
pro slave Kansas (Congress rejects)
Buchanan weak
Lincoln/ Douglas Debate (Douglas and rail
speculation)
1859 John Brown
Harpers Ferry
Abolitionist support ( Douglass-Thoreau-
Emerson )
1860 -Lincoln elected minority President
Dec. 20, 1860 S. Carolina secedes - address the character differences - Northern & Southern leadership....
defensive local offensive
Volunteer Conscription
State Units National Units
foreign aid self-supporting
leadership.....
THE CIVIL WARS MAJOR BATTLES
1861 April - Fort Sumter 12-14th Charleston, N. Carolina
Richmond vs Washington
June '61 1st Bull run CSA Victory (Manassas)
Monitor V Merrimac (Virginia):
March '62 Peninsula Campaign McClellan to Richmond
" 7 days " Lee wins - June and July
April '62 CSA Maryland Attack
Grant at Shiloh - Memphis
Sept. '62 Antietam - Union victory ends CSA " all of out attack"
Nov. ' 62 Grant - Memphis Siege / Vicksburg
1863 North reactionary - Conscription riots / lynching
BLACKS IN THE WAR
The 2 points of view on slavery as all important or peripheral
37,000 blacks die, .250 thousand serve
Draft Riots
March '63 French invade Mex. Max.
Britain goes to Egypt / India for cotton
July '63 Gettysburg Meade / 23,000 Lee, Pickett / 28,000
July 4th Vicksburg Grant / Fed. Victory
Massachusetts 54th Colored Regiment
FT. Wagner – Gould Shaw / William H. Carney – Medal of Honor
Aug. '63 Lawrence Kansas - Quantrill & the James'
'64 Grant takes over He and Sherman destroy south - total war
Atlanta - Sept.
1864 Ft. Pillow / Nathan Bedford Forrest 262+ Massacred
'64 Wilderness 180,000 -Spotsylvania 8000 -Cold Harbor 12,000 -Atlanta
'65 Petersburg & Richmond
Apr. 9th Appomattox -Custer -Ely S. Parker
Stand Watie v. John Ross
MODULE #5 NOTES FOR 154
1865 - 1900: United States Segregates
3 interrelated phenomena are occurring – and Black Americans are involved in each:
RECONSTRUCTION *WESTWARD EXPANSION *URBAN INDUSTRIALIZATION
Post-war conditions Native Americans.. Migrations..
Homestead Acts.. Big Business.
Transcontinental Railroads..
First: RECONSTRUCTION – The 4 GOALS of Reconstruction-
- Re-admit the former Confederate states back into the Union
- Re-Build the destroyed economy and infrastructure of the South
- New Social Services for formerly enslaved African Americans
- Republican Power (only in existence for 11 years, the Republicans wanted to
4 Plans:
#1 Lincoln - Emancipation Proclamation, 13th Amend. & + 10% adult white males. Ironclad Oath (future).
#2 Wade-Davis - majority white males - 50%+ Ironclad Oath (never rebelled).
Apr.14 1865 - 1st Presidential assassination
#3 Johnson / presidential - x-Confederates back in with Personal Oath
#4 Radical / Congressional fight with Johnson produces Radical Republican Plan.
KEY ELEMENTS OF CONGRESSIONAL (Radical) RECONSTRUCTION:
Congressional Radicals like Thaddeus Stevens / Charles Sumner –
13th Amendment – abolishes slavery
14th Amendment – determines citizenship: Blacks are citizens – while ex-Confederates & Natives Americans are not
15th Amendment – universal male suffrage
Freedman’s Bureau '65-72: Federal civil rights for Blacks
1865 -South begins to "rise again"
Economic control = Black Codes, vagrancy
Political control = literacy, poll tax & grandfather clause
Social control = Jim Crow, KKK
1865 -Northern (Republican) response
Black People = families, church’s, organizations & associations, Schools, and Exodus (“Exodusters”)
Tunis Campbell & Georgia
Reparations? (40 acres and a mule?)
Carpetbaggers & scalawags
*Industrial Revolution / Northern jobs.
*Meanwhile, Out West.
...Sioux, Cheyenne – Buffalo Soldiers, John Henry -Railroads & Gold!.
1866 May election-day race riots Memphis (Ida B. Wells-Barnett), New Orleans etc.
The rise of the Ku Klux Klan & others
Lynching begins
1867 Lincoln - Johnson governments vetoed by congress
Johnson’s impeachment - House does, senate acquits
Grants election '68
1867 Radical Recon. = Land confiscated & redistributed
Universal male suffrage
Political reorganization
Education
Wage Job Equal.
1868 Grant elected
Scandals, Credit Moblier, Whiskey Ring,
Ku Klux Klan,
Carpet bags, Scalawags,
Amnesty '72, Depression '73,
1870 Force (Enforcement) Acts = 5 Military districts
KKK Act
Crop lien system / Sharecropping
Southern, local Black Codes (eventually turn into National Jim Crow segregation laws by 1896 Plessy versus Ferguson)
1876 -R.B. Hayes election - Custer
1877 Compromise – ends Reconstruction – Hayes traded Southern support for African American’s rights
Post--Reconstruction Civil Rights Advocacy
Douglass, Wells, Washington,
Du Bois, Carver, Carter Woodson
9th & 10th cav. = Buffalo soldiers
24th & 25th Infantry
1865-77 -the Black experience
Family
Church
Education
Southern Socio-economics
NATIVE AMERICANS
1848 Sutter’s Fort (mill) gold discovery & California Indians, Blacks & Mexicans denied legal claims
1859 Colorado gold
1862 Homestead Acts
1864 James P. Beckwourth at Sand Creek – 150 Cheyenne (Colorado) massacred
1865 Sioux Wars – Buffalo Soldiers
1866 Long drives – Deadwood Dick
1867 Indian Territory established.
1868 Grant elected – Sherman / Sheridan (Custer)
Fort Laramie / Red Cloud Treaty ('68 thru '74 Custer intrusion)
1869 Black Americans help complete the first Transcontinental Railroad.
1873 Barbed wire and silver in Nevada
1874 Black hills gold
1875 Sioux Wars resume after “Thieves’ Road” violations
1876 Little Big Horn
Custer 212 men versus 2000+ Sioux Cheyenne Braves
9th & 10th Cavalry (Buffalo Soldiers) sent out
Geronimo begins -Apache Saga (Mexico, Mangas Coloradas, Cochise)
1886 Geronimo captured
1887 Dawes Severalty Act
1889 Oklahoma Land Rush - Indian Territory opened to whites
Jim Crow laws come to free Black Oklahoma
1890 Wounded Knee
Big Foot & 200+ die at the hands of the 7th cav.
1906 Burke Act - Assimilation enhancement - CANCELLATION OF LAND OWNERSHIP RIGHTS
URBAN INDUSTRY / BUSINESS
Mercantilism (tariffs) & “Free Enterprise”
Inventions / patents -36,000 pre 1860, 440,000 + 1860-90 Free African Americans invent new devices
and products.
Urban magnet - Ghettos & bosses - assimilation
Social Darwinism - Manifest Destiny - Gospel of Wealth 1901
Stocks & combines / monopoly: Horizontal & vertical integration.
Trust holding co.
1849 McCormick Reaper – (International Harvester 1902) makes cotton based slavery antique – but it persisted!
1860 Civil War sparks the close bond between business and government – the
future “Military-Industrial Complex”
1862 Homestead Act, Stone Act, Timber Act encourage some Black Americans to settle out West
1865 Reconstruction, Migration Gold / Silver
1866 National Labor Union & Black organized labor
1869 Knights of Labor
1872 Tweed - Tammany Hall Political machines
1873 Panic, depression end NLU, Molly Maguires.
1876 Bell Telephone invention / company & Louis Latimer
1877 National Rail-strike and its impact on African American labor
1879 Edison Light “invention” & Louis Latimer (again!)
1881 Tuskegee Institute / Booker T. Washington
1886 Anarchist Haymarket bombing (Chicago anarchism) & American Federation of Labor (AFL) Gompers, “skilled workers” – Blacks not allowed
1887 '90 Sherman Anti-Trust Act - used against unions!
1889 Dark European immigration
Labor conditions – children, women, ethnic minorities in urban settings
1892 Ida B. Wells in Memphis
1893 Depression
1895 Booker T. Washington’s Atlanta Compromise speech
1896 Plessy v Fergusson
1898 Spanish-American War
1899 W.E.B. Du Bois & the Philadelphia Negro
CULTIVATE AN IDENTITY OF (Black) POWER
SOCIAL POWER
IDENTITY CAPITAL
CULTURAL COMPETENCE
SOCIAL COMPETENCE
INTELLECTUAL ACTIVISM
SEEK JUSTICE
SEEK SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION